This time I will show you how to convert JS types, what are the precautions for JStype conversion, the following is a practical case, let's take a look.
Implicit type conversion
In JavaScript, when we perform comparison operations or the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, JavaScript's implicit type conversion mechanism is often triggered; and this part is often confusing. For example, the console.log operation in the browser often converts any value into a string and then displays it, while mathematical operations first convert the value into a numeric type (except Date type objects) and then perform operations.
Let's first look at several sets of typical operator operation results in JavaScript. We hope that after reading this section, we can have a reasonable explanation of each item:
// 比较 [] == ![] // true NaN !== NaN // true 1 == true // true 2 == true // false "2" == true // flase null > 0 // false null < 0 // false null == 0 // false null >= 0 // true // 加法 true + 1 // 1 undefined + 1 // NaN let obj = {}; {} + 1 // 1,这里的 {} 被当成了代码块 { 1 + 1 } + 1 // 1 obj + 1 // [object Object]1 {} + {} // Chrome 上显示 "[object Object][object Object]",Firefox 显示 NaN [] + {} // [object Object] [] + a // [object Object] + [] // 等价于 + "" => 0 {} + [] // 0 a + [] // [object Object] [2,3] + [1,2] // '2,31,2' [2] + 1 // '21' [2] + (-1) // "2-1" // 减法或其他操作,无法进行字符串连接,因此在错误的字符串格式下返回 NaN [2] - 1 // 1 [2,3] - 1 // NaN {} - 1 // -1
Conversion between primitive types
The primitive types we often talk about in JavaScript include numeric types, string types, Boolean types and empty types; and the conversion functions between our commonly used primitive types are String, Number and Boolean:
// String let value = true; console.log(typeof value); // boolean value = String(value); // now value is a string "true" console.log(typeof value); // string // Number let str = "123"; console.log(typeof str); // string let num = Number(str); // becomes a number 123 console.log(typeof num); // number let age = Number("an arbitrary string instead of a number"); console.log(age); // NaN, conversion failed // Boolean console.log( Boolean(1) ); // true console.log( Boolean(0) ); // false console.log( Boolean("hello") ); // true console.log( Boolean("") ); // false
Finally, we can get the following JavaScript primitive type conversion table (including examples of conversion from composite types to primitive types):
Original value | Convert to numeric type | Convert to string type | Convert to Boolean type |
---|---|---|---|
false | 0 | "false" | false |
true | 1 | "true" | true |
0 | 0 | "0" | false |
1 | 1 | "1" | true |
"0" | 0 | "0" | true |
"1" | 1 | "1" | true |
NaN | NaN | "NaN" | false |
Infinity | Infinity | "Infinity" | true |
-Infinity | -Infinity | "-Infinity" | true |
"" | 0 | "" | false |
"20" | 20 | "20" | true |
"twenty" | NaN | "twenty" | true |
[ ] | 0 | "" | true |
[20] | 20 | "20" | true |
[10,20] | NaN | "10,20" | true |
["twenty"] | NaN | "twenty" | true |
["ten","twenty"] | NaN | "ten,twenty" | true |
function(){} | NaN | "function(){}" | true |
{ } | NaN | "[object Object]" | true |
null | 0 | "null" | false |
undefined | NaN | "undefined" | false |
ToPrimitive
在比较运算与加法运算中,都会涉及到将运算符两侧的操作对象转化为原始对象的步骤;而 JavaScript 中这种转化实际上都是由 ToPrimitive 函数执行的。实际上,当某个对象出现在了需要原始类型才能进行操作的上下文时,JavaScript 会自动调用 ToPrimitive 函数将对象转化为原始类型;譬如上文介绍的 alert 函数、数学运算符、作为对象的键都是典型场景,该函数的签名如下:
ToPrimitive(input, PreferredType?)
为了更好地理解其工作原理,我们可以用 JavaScript 进行简单地实现:
var ToPrimitive = function(obj,preferredType){ var APIs = { typeOf: function(obj){ return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj).slice(8,-1); }, isPrimitive: function(obj){ var _this = this, types = ['Null','Undefined','String','Boolean','Number']; return types.indexOf(_this.typeOf(obj)) !== -1; } }; // 如果 obj 本身已经是原始对象,则直接返回 if(APIs.isPrimitive(obj)) {return obj;} // 对于 Date 类型,会优先使用其 toString 方法;否则优先使用 valueOf 方法 preferredType = (preferredType === 'String' || APIs.typeOf(obj) === 'Date' ) ? 'String' : 'Number'; if(preferredType==='Number'){ if(APIs.isPrimitive(obj.valueOf())) { return obj.valueOf()}; if(APIs.isPrimitive(obj.toString())) { return obj.toString()}; }else{ if(APIs.isPrimitive(obj.toString())) { return obj.toString()}; if(APIs.isPrimitive(obj.valueOf())) { return obj.valueOf()}; } throw new TypeError('TypeError'); }
我们可以简单覆写某个对象的 valueOf 方法,即可以发现其运算结果发生了变化:
let obj = { valueOf:() => { return 0; } } obj + 1 // 1
如果我们强制将某个对象的 valueOf 与 toString 方法都覆写为返回值为对象的方法,则会直接抛出异常。
obj = { valueOf: function () { console.log("valueOf"); return {}; // not a primitive }, toString: function () { console.log("toString"); return {}; // not a primitive } } obj + 1 // error Uncaught TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value at <anonymous>:1:5
值得一提的是对于数值类型的 valueOf() 函数的调用结果仍为数组,因此数组类型的隐式类型转换结果是字符串。而在 ES6 中引入 Symbol 类型之后,JavaScript 会优先调用对象的 [Symbol.toPrimitive
] 方法来将该对象转化为原始类型,那么方法的调用顺序就变为了:
当 obj[Symbol.toPrimitive](preferredType)
方法存在时,优先调用该方法;
obj.toString()
与 obj.valueOf()
;
obj.valueOf()
与 obj.toString()
。
而 [Symbol.toPrimitive]
方法的签名为:
obj[Symbol.toPrimitive] = function(hint) { // return a primitive value // hint = one of "string", "number", "default" }
我们同样可以通过覆写该方法来修改对象的运算表现:
user = { name: "John", money: 1000, [Symbol.toPrimitive](hint) { console.log(`hint: ${hint}`); return hint == "string" ? `{name: "${this.name}"}` : this.money; } }; // conversions demo: console.log(user); // hint: string -> {name: "John"} console.log(+user); // hint: number -> 1000 console.log(user + 500); // hint: default -> 1500
比较运算
JavaScript 为我们提供了严格比较与类型转换比较两种模式,严格比较(===)只会在操作符两侧的操作对象类型一致,并且内容一致时才会返回为 true,否则返回 false。而更为广泛使用的 == 操作符则会首先将操作对象转化为相同类型,再进行比较。对于 <= 等运算,则会首先转化为原始对象(Primitives),然后再进行对比。
标准的相等性操作符(== 与 !=)使用了Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm来比较操作符两侧的操作对象(x == y),该算法流程要点提取如下:
如果 x 或 y 中有一个为 NaN,则返回 false;
我们再来回顾下文首提出的 [] == ![] 这个比较运算,首先 [] 为对象,则调用 ToPrimitive 函数将其转化为字符串 "";对于右侧的 ![],首先会进行显式类型转换,将其转化为 false。然后在比较运算中,会将运算符两侧的运算对象都转化为数值类型,即都转化为了 0,因此最终的比较结果为 true。在上文中还介绍了 null >= 0 为 true 的这种比较结果,在 ECMAScript 中还规定,如果 < 为 false,则 >= 为 true。
加法运算
对于加法运算而言,JavaScript 首先会将操作符两侧的对象转换为 Primitive 类型;然后当适当的隐式类型转换能得出有意义的值的前提下,JavaScript 会先进行隐式类型转换,再进行运算。譬如 value1 + value2 这个表达式,首先会调用 ToPrimitive 函数将两个操作数转化为原始类型:
prim1 := ToPrimitive(value1) prim2 := ToPrimitive(value2)
这里将会优先调用除了 Date 类型之外对象的 valueOf 方法,而因为数组的 valueOf 方法的返回值仍为数组类型,则会返回其字符串表示。而经过转换之后的 prim1 与 prim2 中的任一个为字符串,则会优先进行字符串连接;否则进行加法计算。
I believe you have mastered the method after reading the case in this article. For more exciting information, please pay attention to other related articles on the php Chinese website!
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