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如何在PHP中定义一个类

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:02 AM
php function list variable and statement definition object kind need

当你声明一个类,你需要列出对象应有的所有变量和所有函数?被称为属性和方法图1中显示了一个类的构成. 注意在大括号({})内你只能声明变量或者函数. 图2中显示了如何在一个类中定义三个属性和两个方法.

class Name extends Another Class {    Access Variable Declaration    Access Function Declaration } 
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图1

<?php //定义一个跟踪用户的类    class User    {        //属性        public $name;        private $password, $lastLogin;        //方法        public function __construct($name, $password)        {            $this->name = $name;            $this->password = $password;            $this->lastLogin = time();            $this->accesses++;        }        // 获取最后访问的时间        function getLastLogin()        {            return(date("M d Y", $this->lastLogin));        }    }    //创建一个对象的实例    $user = new User("Leon", "sdf123");    //获取最后访问的时间    print($user->getLastLogin() ."<br>n");    //打印用户名    print("$user->name<br>n"); ?> 
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图2

当你声明属性,你不需要指明数据类型. 变量可能是整型,字符串或者是另一个对象,这取决于实际情况.在声明属性时增加注释是一个好主意,标记上属性的含义和数据类型.

当你声明一个方法,你所做的和在类外部定义一个函数是一样的. 方法和属性都有各自的命名空间. 这意味着你可以安全地建立一个与类外部函数同名的方法,两者不会冲突. 例如,一个类中可以定义一个名为date()的方法. 但是你不能将一个方法命名为PHP的关键字,如for或者while.

类方法可能包含PHP中所谓的type hint. Type hint 是另一个传递参数给方法的类的名字. 如果你的脚本调用方法并传递一个不是类的实例的变量,PHP将产生一个”致命(fatal)错误” . 你可能没有给其它类型给出type hint,就像整型,字符串,或者布尔值. 在书写的时候, type hint是否应当包含数组类型仍存在争议.


Type hint是测试函数参数或者运算符的实例的数据类型的捷径. 你可能总是返回这个方法. 确认你强制让一个参数必须是哪种数据类型,如整型. 图3 确保编译类只产生Widget的实例

<?php    //组件    class Widget    {        public $name='none';        public $created=FALSE;    }    //装配器    class Assembler    {        public function make(Widget $w)        {            print("Making $w->name<br>n");            $w->created=TRUE;        }    }    //建立一个组件对象    $thing = new Widget;    $thing->name = 'Gadget';    //装配组件    Assembler::make($thing); ?>
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 图3

除了传递参数的变量外,方法含有一个特殊的变量. 它代表类的个别实例. 你应当用这个来指向对象的属性和其它方法.一些面向对象的语言假设一个不合格的变量提交给本地属性,但在PHP中方法的任何变量只是在方法的一定范围内. 注意在User类的构造函数中这个变量的使用图2.
PHP在属性和方法声明前定义一个访问限定语,如public,private和protected. 另外,你可以用”static”来标记一个成员. 你也可以在类中声明常量. 本章稍后会有不同访问方式的相关讨论.
你可以在一行中列出相同访问方式的几个属性,用逗号来分隔它们. 在图2 中,User类有两个private属性--$password和$lastLogin.


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