Introducing three commonly used design patterns in PHP: singleton design pattern, factory design pattern and observer design pattern.

<?php
 
/**
* Singleton of Database
*/
class Database
{
  // We need a static private variable to store a Database instance.
  privatestatic $instance;
 
  // Mark as private to prevent it from being instanced.
  privatefunctionconstruct()
  {
    // Do nothing.
  }
 
  privatefunctionclone() 
  {
    // Do nothing.
  }
 
  publicstatic functiongetInstance() 
  {
    if (!(self::$instanceinstanceofself)) {
      self::$instance = newself();
    }
 
    returnself::$instance;
  }
}
 
$a =Database::getInstance();
$b =Database::getInstance();
 
// true
var_dump($a === $b);

<?php
 
interfaceInterfaceShape 
{
 functiongetArea();
 functiongetCircumference();
}
 
/**
* 矩形
*/
class Rectangle implementsInterfaceShape
{
  private $width;
  private $height;
  
  publicfunctionconstruct($width, $height)
  {
    $this->width = $width;
    $this->height = $height;
  }
 
  publicfunctiongetArea() 
  {
    return $this->width* $this->height;
  }
 
  publicfunctiongetCircumference()
  {
    return 2 * $this->width + 2 * $this->height;
  }
}
 
/**
* 圆形
*/
class Circle implementsInterfaceShape
{
  private $radius;
 
  functionconstruct($radius)
  {
    $this->radius = $radius;
  }
 
 
  publicfunctiongetArea() 
  {
    return M_PI * pow($this->radius, 2);
  }
 
  publicfunctiongetCircumference()
  {
    return 2 * M_PI * $this->radius;
  }
}
 
/**
* 形状工厂类
*/
class FactoryShape 
{ 
  publicstatic functioncreate()
  {
    switch (func_num_args()) {
      case1:
      return newCircle(func_get_arg(0));
      case2:
      return newRectangle(func_get_arg(0), func_get_arg(1));
      default:
        # code...
        break;
    }
  } 
}
 
$rect =FactoryShape::create(5, 5);
// object(Rectangle)#1 (2) { ["width":"Rectangle":private]=> int(5) ["height":"Rectangle":private]=> int(5) }
var_dump($rect);
echo "<br>";
 
// object(Circle)#2 (1) { ["radius":"Circle":private]=> int(4) }
$circle =FactoryShape::create(4);
var_dump($circle);

<?php
 
/*
观察者接口
*/
interfaceInterfaceObserver
{
  functiononListen($sender, $args);
  functiongetObserverName();
}
 
// 可被观察者接口
interfaceInterfaceObservable
{
  functionaddObserver($observer);
  functionremoveObserver($observer_name);
}
 
// 观察者抽象类
abstractclass Observer implementsInterfaceObserver
{
  protected $observer_name;
 
  functiongetObserverName() 
  {
    return $this->observer_name;
  }
 
  functiononListen($sender, $args)
  {
 
  }
}
 
// 可被观察类
abstractclass Observable implementsInterfaceObservable 
{
  protected $observers = array();
 
  publicfunctionaddObserver($observer) 
  {
    if ($observerinstanceofInterfaceObserver) 
    {
      $this->observers[] = $observer;
    }
  }
 
  publicfunctionremoveObserver($observer_name) 
  {
    foreach ($this->observersas $index => $observer) 
    {
      if ($observer->getObserverName() === $observer_name) 
      {
        array_splice($this->observers, $index, 1);
        return;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
// 模拟一个可以被观察的类
class A extendsObservable 
{
  publicfunctionaddListener($listener) 
  {
    foreach ($this->observersas $observer) 
    {
      $observer->onListen($this, $listener);
    }
  }
}
 
// 模拟一个观察者类
class B extendsObserver 
{
  protected $observer_name = &#39;B&#39;;
 
  publicfunctiononListen($sender, $args) 
  {
    var_dump($sender);
    echo "<br>";
    var_dump($args);
    echo "<br>";
  }
}
 
// 模拟另外一个观察者类
class C extendsObserver 
{
  protected $observer_name = &#39;C&#39;;
 
  publicfunctiononListen($sender, $args) 
  {
    var_dump($sender);
    echo "<br>";
    var_dump($args);
    echo "<br>";
  }
}
 
$a = new A();
// 注入观察者
$a->addObserver(new B());
$a->addObserver(new C());
 
// 可以看到观察到的信息
$a->addListener(&#39;D&#39;);
 
// 移除观察者
$a->removeObserver(&#39;B&#39;);
 
// 打印的信息：
// object(A)#1 (1) { ["observers":protected]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(B)#2 (1) { ["observer_name":protected]=> string(1) "B" } [1]=> object(C)#3 (1) { ["observer_name":protected]=> string(1) "C" } } }
// string(1) "D"
// object(A)#1 (1) { ["observers":protected]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(B)#2 (1) { ["observer_name":protected]=> string(1) "B" } [1]=> object(C)#3 (1) { ["observer_name":protected]=> string(1) "C" } } }
// string(1) "D"