Use PHP's curl extension to crawl page data. PHP's curl extension is a library supported by PHP that allows you to connect and communicate with various servers using various types of protocols.
This program captures Zhihu user data. To be able to access the user's personal page, the user needs to be logged in before accessing. When we click a user avatar link on the browser page to enter the user's personal center page, the reason why we can see the user's information is because when we click the link, the browser helps you bring the local cookies and submit them together. Go to a new page, so you can enter the user's personal center page. Therefore, before accessing the personal page, you need to obtain the user's cookie information, and then bring the cookie information with each curl request. In terms of obtaining cookie information, I used my own cookie. You can see your own cookie information on the page:
Copy one by one in the form of "__utma=?;__utmb=?;" Form a cookie string. This cookie string can then be used to send requests.
Initial example:
$url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/people/mora-hu/about';
//此处mora-hu代表用户ID
$ch = curl_init($url);
//初始化会话
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, $this->config_arr['user_cookie']);
//设置请求COOKIE
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
//将curl_exec()获取的信息以文件流的形式返回，而不是直接输出。
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
$result = curl_exec($ch);
return $result; //抓取的结果
Copy after login
Run the above code to get the personal center page of the mora-hu user. Using this result and then using regular expressions to process the page, you can obtain the name, gender and other information that needs to be captured.
Picture hotlink prevention
When outputting personal information after regularizing the returned results, it was found that the user's avatar cannot be opened when outputting it on the page. After reviewing the information, I found out that it was because Zhihu had protected the pictures from hotlinking. The solution is to forge a referer in the request header when requesting an image.
After using the regular expression to obtain the link to the image, send another request. At this time, bring the source of the image request, indicating that the request is forwarded from the Zhihu website. Specific examples are as follows:
function getImg($url, $u_id){
if (file_exists('./images/' . $u_id . ".jpg"))
{
return "images/$u_id" . '.jpg'; } if (empty($url))
{
return '';
} $context_options = array(
'http' =>
array(
'header' => "Referer:http://www.zhihu.com"//带上referer参数
)
); $context = stream_context_create($context_options); $img = file_get_contents('http:' . $url, FALSE, $context); file_put_contents('./images/' . $u_id . ".jpg", $img); return "images/$u_id" . '.jpg';}Copy after login
Crawling more users
The URLs of different users are almost the same, the difference lies in the user name. Use regular matching to get the user name list, spell the URLs one by one, and then send requests one by one (of course, one by one is slower, there is a solution below, which will be discussed later). After entering the new user's page, repeat the above steps and continue in this loop until you reach the amount of data you want.
Linux statistics file number
After the script has been running for a while, you need to see how many pictures have been obtained. When the amount of data is relatively large, it is a bit slow to open the folder to view the number of pictures. The script is run in the Linux environment, so you can use the Linux command to count the number of files:
Among them, ls -l is a long list output of file information in the directory (the files here can be directories, links , device files, etc.); grep "^-" filters long list output information, "^-" only retains general files, if only the directory is retained, "^d"; wc -l is the number of lines of statistical output information. The following is a running example:
Handling of duplicate data when inserting into MySQL
After the program ran for a period of time, it was found that many users' data was duplicated , so it needs to be processed when inserting duplicate user data. The solution is as follows:
1) Check whether the data already exists in the database before inserting into the database;
2) Add a unique index and use INSERT INTO... ON DUPliCATE KEY UPDATE when inserting. ..
3) Add a unique index, use INSERT INGNO
RE INTO...<br/>
4) Add a unique index, use REPLACE when inserting INTO...
Use curl_multi to implement I/O multiplexing to capture the page
At the beginning, a single process and a single curl were used to capture data. The speed was very slow. I hung up and crawled. I could only capture 2W of data at night, so I thought about whether I could request multiple users at once when entering a new user page and making a curl request. Later I discovered the good thing curl_multi. Functions such as curl_multi can request multiple URLs at the same time instead of requesting them one by one. This is an I/O multiplexing mechanism. The following is an example of using curl_multi crawler:
$mh = curl_multi_init(); //返回一个新cURL批处理句柄
for ($i = 0; $i < $max_size; $i++)
{ $ch = curl_init(); //初始化单个cURL会话
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'http://www.zhihu.com/people/' . $user_list[$i] . '/about');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, self::$user_cookie);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64)
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.130 Safari/537.36');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1); $requestMap[$i] = $ch;
curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch);
//向curl批处理会话中添加单独的curl句柄
} $user_arr = array(); do { //运行当前 cURL 句柄的子连接
while (($cme = curl_multi_exec($mh, $active)) == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); if ($cme != CURLM_OK) {break;} //获取当前解析的cURL的相关传输信息
while ($done = curl_multi_info_read($mh))
{ $info = curl_getinfo($done['handle']); $tmp_result = curl_multi_getcontent($done['handle']); $error = curl_error($done['handle']); $user_arr[] = array_values(getUserInfo($tmp_result)); //保证同时有$max_size个请求在处理
if ($i < sizeof($user_list) && isset($user_list[$i]) && $i < count($user_list))
{ $ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'http://www.zhihu.com/people/' . $user_list[$i] . '/about');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, self::$user_cookie);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64)
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.130 Safari/537.36');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1); $requestMap[$i] = $ch;
curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); $i++;
}
curl_multi_remove_handle($mh, $done['handle']);
} if ($active)
curl_multi_select($mh, 10);
} while ($active);
curl_multi_close($mh); return $user_arr;Copy after login
HTTP 429 Too Many Requests
Using the curl_multi function can send multiple requests at the same time, but during the execution process, When 200 requests were made, it was found that many requests could not be returned, that is, packet loss was discovered. After further analysis, use the curl_getinfo function to print each request handle information. This function returns an associative array containing HTTP response information. One of the fields is http_code, which represents the HTTP status code returned by the request. I saw that the http_code of many requests was 429. This return code means that too many requests were sent. I guessed that Zhihu had implemented anti-crawler protection, so I tested it on other websites and found that there was no problem when sending 200 requests at once, which proved my guess. Zhihu had implemented protection in this regard. That is, the number of one-time requests is limited. So I kept reducing the number of requests and found that there was no packet loss at 5. It shows that in this program, you can only send up to 5 requests at a time. Although it is not many, it is a small improvement.
使用Redis保存已经访问过的用户
抓取用户的过程中，发现有些用户是已经访问过的，而且他的关注者和关注了的用户都已经获取过了，虽然在数据库的层面做了重复数据的处理，但是程序还是会使用curl发请求，这样重复的发送请求就有很多重复的网络开销。还有一个就是待抓取的用户需要暂时保存在一个地方以便下一次执行，刚开始是放到数组里面，后来发现要在程序里添加多进程，在多进程编程里，子进程会共享程序代码、函数库，但是进程使用的变量与其他进程所使用的截然不同。不同进程之间的变量是分离的，不能被其他进程读取，所以是不能使用数组的。因此就想到了使用Redis缓存来保存已经处理好的用户以及待抓取的用户。这样每次执行完的时候都把用户push到一个already_request_queue队列中，把待抓取的用户（即每个用户的关注者和关注了的用户列表）push到request_queue里面，然后每次执行前都从request_queue里pop一个用户，然后判断是否在already_request_queue里面，如果在，则进行下一个，否则就继续执行。
在PHP中使用redis示例：
<?php $redis = new Redis(); $redis->connect('127.0.0.1', '6379'); $redis->set('tmp', 'value'); if ($redis->exists('tmp'))
{ echo $redis->get('tmp') . "\n";
}Copy after login
使用PHP的pcntl扩展实现多进程
改用了curl_multi函数实现多线程抓取用户信息之后，程序运行了一个晚上，最终得到的数据有10W。还不能达到自己的理想目标，于是便继续优化，后来发现php里面有一个pcntl扩展可以实现多进程编程。下面是多编程编程的示例：
//PHP多进程demo //fork10个进程
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { $pid = pcntl_fork(); if ($pid == -1) { echo "Could not fork!\n"; exit(1);
} if (!$pid) { echo "child process $i running\n"; //子进程执行完毕之后就退出，以免继续fork出新的子进程
exit($i);
}
} //等待子进程执行完毕，避免出现僵尸进程
while (pcntl_waitpid(0, $status) != -1) { $status = pcntl_wexitstatus($status);
echo "Child $status completed\n";
}Copy after login
在linux下查看系统的cpu信息
实现了多进程编程之后，就想着多开几条进程不断地抓取用户的数据，后来开了8调进程跑了一个晚上后发现只能拿到20W的数据，没有多大的提升。于是查阅资料发现，根据系统优化的CPU性能调优，程序的最大进程数不能随便给的，要根据CPU的核数和来给，最大进程数最好是cpu核数的2倍。因此需要查看cpu的信息来看看cpu的核数。在linux下查看cpu的信息的命令：
其中，model name表示cpu类型信息，cpu cores表示cpu核数。这里的核数是1，因为是在虚拟机下运行，分配到的cpu核数比较少，因此只能开2条进程。最终的结果是，用了一个周末就抓取了110万的用户数据。
多进程编程中Redis和MySQL连接问题
在多进程条件下，程序运行了一段时间后，发现数据不能插入到数据库，会报mysql too many connections的错误，redis也是如此。
下面这段代码会执行失败：
<?php for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { $pid = pcntl_fork(); if ($pid == -1) { echo "Could not fork!\n"; exit(1);
} if (!$pid) { $redis = PRedis::getInstance(); // do something
exit;
}
}Copy after login
根本原因是在各个子进程创建时，就已经继承了父进程一份完全一样的拷贝。对象可以拷贝，但是已创建的连接不能被拷贝成多个，由此产生的结果，就是各个进程都使用同一个redis连接，各干各的事，最终产生莫名其妙的冲突。
解决方法：
程序不能完全保证在fork进程之前，父进程不会创建redis连接实例。因此，要解决这个问题只能靠子进程本身了。试想一下，如果在子进程中获取的实例只与当前进程相关，那么这个问题就不存在了。于是解决方案就是稍微改造一下redis类实例化的静态方式，与当前进程ID绑定起来。
改造后的代码如下：
<?php public static function getInstance() { static $instances = array(); $key = getmypid();//获取当前进程ID
if ($empty($instances[$key])) { $inctances[$key] = new self();
} return $instances[$key];
}Copy after login
PHP统计脚本执行时间
因为想知道每个进程花费的时间是多少，因此写个函数统计脚本执行时间：
function microtime_float()
{ list($u_sec, $sec) = explode(' ', microtime());
return (floatval($u_sec) + floatval($sec));
}$start_time = microtime_float();
//do somethingusleep(100);$end_time = microtime_float();$total_time = $end_time - $start_time;$time_cost = sprintf("%.10f", $total_time);echo "program cost total " . $time_cost . "s\n";Copy after login
若文中有不正确的地方，望各位指出以便改正。
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