>>> type(123)
<class &#39;int&#39;>
>>> type(&#39;jeff&#39;)
<class &#39;str&#39;>
>>> type(True)
<class &#39;bool&#39;>
>>> type(None)
<class &#39;NoneType&#39;>

>>> type(abs)
<class &#39;builtin_function_or_method&#39;>

>>> type(123) == type(456)
True
>>> type('jeff') == type('1993')
True
>>> type('jeff') == str
True
>>> type(123) == int
True
>>> type(123) == type('jeff')
False

>>> import types
>>> def fn():
...     pass
...
>>> type(fn) == types.FunctionType
True
>>> type(abs) == types.BuiltinFunctionType
True
>>> type(lambda x:x) == types.LambdaType
True
>>> type((x for x in range(10))) == types.GeneratorType
True

class Animal(object):
    def run(self):
        print('Animal is running...')

class Dog(Animal):
    def run(self):
        print('Dog is haha running...')

    def eat(self):
        print('Eating meat...')
class Cat(Animal):
    def run(self):
        print('Cat is miaomiao running...')

    def eat(self):
        print('Eating fish...')
class Husky(Dog):
    def run(self):
        print('Husky is miaomiao running...')
dog = Dog()
dog.run()
dog.eat()
xinxin = Husky()
xinxin.run()
cat = Cat()
cat.run()
cat.eat()

Dog is haha running...
Eating meat...
Husky is miaomiao running...
Cat is miaomiao running...
Eating fish...

a= Animal()
d = Dog()
h = Husky()
print(isinstance(h,Husky))
print(isinstance(h,Dog))
print(isinstance(h,Animal))
print(isinstance(h,object))
print(isinstance('a',str))
print(isinstance(123,int))

True
True
True
True
True
True

print(isinstance(d,Husky))
False

>>> isinstance([1,2,3],(tuple,list))
True
>>> isinstance((1,2,3),(tuple,list))
True
>>> isinstance(1,(tuple,list))
False

>>> dir(123)
['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__pmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floorp__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rpmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloorp__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruep__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truep__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes']
>>> dir('jeff')
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

>>> dir（&#39;abc&#39;）  File "<stdin>", line 1
    dir（&#39;abc&#39;）
       ^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier注意括号要英文下的括号

>>> len('asd')
3
>>> 'asd'.__len__()
3

>>> 'ASDD'.lower()
'asdd'

>>> class MyObject(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.x = 9
...     def power(self):
...         return self.x*self.x
>>>
>>> obj = MyObject()
>>> hasattr(obj,'x')
True
>>> obj.x
9
>>> hasattr(obj,'y')
False
>>> setattr(obj,'y',19)
>>> hasattr(obj,'y')
True
>>> getattr(obj,'y')
19

>>> getattr(obj,'Z')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: &#39;MyObject&#39; object has no attribute &#39;Z&#39;
>>>

>>> getattr(obj,'Z',404)
404

>>> hasattr(obj, 'power') # 有属性'power'吗？
True
>>> getattr(obj, 'power') # 获取属性'power'
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at
0x10077a6a0>>
>>> fn = getattr(obj, &#39;power&#39;) # 获取属性&#39;power&#39;并赋值到变量 fn
>>> fn # fn 指向 obj.power
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at
0x10077a6a0>>
>>> fn() # 调用 fn()与调用 obj.power()是一样的
81