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Python文件夹与文件的操作实现代码

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:31 AM
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有关文件夹与文件的查找,删除等功能 在 os 模块中实现。使用时需先导入这个模块,

导入的方法是:

import os

一、取得当前目录

s = os.getcwd()

# s 中保存的是当前目录(即文件夹)
比如运行abc.py,那么输入该命令就会返回abc所在的文件夹位置。
举个简单例子,我们将abc.py放入A文件夹。并且希望不管将A文件夹放在硬盘的哪个位置,都可以在A文件夹内生成一个新文件夹。且文件夹的名字根据时间自动生成。

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import os

import time

folder = time.strftime(r"%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S",time.localtime())

os.makedirs(r'%s/%s'%(os.getcwd(),folder))

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二、更改当前目录

os.chdir( "C:\\123")
#将当前目录设为 "C:\123", 相当于DOC命令的 CD C:\123
#说明: 当指定的目录不存在时,引发异常。
异常类型:WindowsError
Linux下没去试,不知是哪种

三 将一个路径名分解为目录名和文件名两部分
fpath , fname = os.path.split( "你要分解的路径")
例如:
a, b = os.path.split( "c:\\123\\456\\test.txt" )
print a
print b
显示:
c:\123\456
test.txt

四 分解文件名的扩展名

fpathandname , fext = os.path.splitext( "你要分解的路径")
例如:
a, b = os.path.splitext( "c:\\123\\456\\test.txt" )
print a
print b
显示:
c:\123\456\test
.txt

五、判断一个路径( 目录或文件)是否存在

b = os.path.exists( "你要判断的路径")
返回值b: True 或 False

六、判断一个路径是否文件
b = os.path.isfile( "你要判断的路径")
返回值b: True 或 False

七、判断一个路径是否目录
b = os.path.isdir( "你要判断的路径")
返回值b: True 或 False

八、获取某目录中的文件及子目录的列表
L = os.listdir( "你要判断的路径")
例如:
L = os.listdir( "c:/" )
print L
显示 :
['1.avi', '1.jpg', '1.txt', 'CONFIG.SYS', 'Inetpub', 'IO.SYS', 'KCBJGDJC', 'KCBJGDYB', 'KF_GSSY_JC', 'MSDOS.SYS', 'MSOCache', 'NTDETECT.COM', 'ntldr', 'pagefile.sys', 'PDOXUSRS.NET', 'Program Files', 'Python24', 'Python31', 'QQVideo.Cache', 'RECYCLER', 'System Volume Information', 'TDDOWNLOAD', 'test.txt', 'WINDOWS']
这里面既有文件也有子目录
1 获取某指定目录下的所有子目录的列表

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def getDirList( p ):

    p = str( p )

    if p=="":

       return [ ]

    p = p.replace( "/","\\")

    if p[ -1] != "\\":

       p = p+"\\"

    a = os.listdir( p )

    b = [ x  for x in a if os.path.isdir( p + x ) ]

    return b

print  getDirList( "C:\\" )

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结果:
['Documents and Settings', 'Downloads', 'HTdzh', 'KCBJGDJC', 'KCBJGDYB', 'KF_GSSY_JC', 'MSOCache', 'Program Files', 'Python24', 'Python31', 'QQVideo.Cache', 'RECYCLER', 'System Volume Information', 'TDDOWNLOAD', 'WINDOWS']

2 获取某指定目录下的所有文件的列表

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def getFileList( p ):

    p = str( p )

    if p=="":

       return [ ]

    p = p.replace( "/","\\")

    if p[ -1] != "\\":

       p = p+"\\"

    a = os.listdir( p )

    b = [ x  for x in a if os.path.isfile( p + x ) ]

    return b

print  getFileList( "C:\\" )

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结果:
['1.avi', '1.jpg', '1.txt', '123.txt', '12345.txt', '2.avi', 'a.py', 'AUTOEXEC.BAT', 'boot.ini', 'bootfont.bin', 'CONFIG.SYS', 'IO.SYS', 'MSDOS.SYS', 'NTDETECT.COM', 'ntldr', 'pagefile.sys', 'PDOXUSRS.NET', 'test.txt']
 
九、创建子目录

os.makedirs(   path )   # path 是"要创建的子目录"
例如:
os.makedirs(   "C:\\123\\456\\789")
调用有可能失败,可能的原因是:
(1) path 已存在时(不管是文件还是文件夹)
(2) 驱动器不存在
(3) 磁盘已满
(4)磁盘是只读的或没有写权限

十、删除子目录

os.rmdir( path )   # path: "要删除的子目录"
产生异常的可能原因:
(1) path 不存在
(2) path 子目录中有文件或下级子目录
(3) 没有操作权限或只读
测试该函数时,请自已先建立子目录。

十一、删除文件

os.remove(   filename )   # filename: "要删除的文件名"
产生异常的可能原因:
(1)   filename 不存在
(2) 对filename文件, 没有操作权限或只读。

十二、文件改名

os.name( oldfileName, newFilename)
产生异常的原因:
(1) oldfilename 旧文件名不存在
(2) newFilename 新文件已经存在时,此时,您需要先删除 newFilename 文件。

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