Linux tutorial

The English explanation of Linux is Linux is not Unix. Linux is a free-to-use and freely disseminated Unix-like operating system. It is a multi-user, multi-task, multi-thread and multi-CPU operating system based on POSIX and UNIX. It can run major UNIX software tools, applications and network protocols. "Linux Tutorial", we will introduce how to use Linux. Linux is actually very easy to learn, I believe you can learn it quickly.

Linux is a free and open source UNIX-like operating system. The kernel of the operating system was first released by Linus Torvalds on October 5, 1991. After adding user space applications, it became the Linux operating system.

Linux is also the most famous example of the development of free software and open source software. As long as they follow the GNU General Public License (GPL), any individual or institution can freely use all the underlying source code of Linux, and can also modify and redistribute it freely.

Most Linux systems also include programs like X Window that provide a GUI. With the exception of a few experts, most people just use a Linux distribution without choosing every component or setting it up themselves.

Tips: If you are familiar with operating system knowledge, I believe you will learn Linux quickly.

System Architecture

The Linux kernel supports a variety of hardware architectures and provides a common platform for software (including potentially proprietary software).

Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system. Most of the design ideas of the Linux operating system originate from the basic design ideas created by the Unix operating system in the 1970s and 1980s.

Linux systems use a macro kernel, which is responsible for handling process control, networking, and access to peripheral devices and file systems. When the system is running, device drivers are either directly integrated with the kernel or added as load modules.

Linux is device independent and its kernel is highly adaptable, thus providing the system with more advanced functions.

GNU user interface components are an important part of most Linux operating systems. They provide commonly used C function libraries, Shells, and many common Unix utilities that can complete many basic operating system tasks.

The graphical user interface used by most Linux systems is created on the X Window System. The X Window (XWindow) system uses software tools and architecture protocols to create the graphical user interface used by the operating system.

Some components included in the installed Linux operating system:

• Startup program: such as GRUB or LILO. This program runs when the computer is turned on and loads the Linux kernel into memory.

• init program: init is the first process created by the Linux kernel, called the root process. All system processes are its child processes, that is, all processes are passed init starts. Processes started by init such as system services and login prompts (choice of graphical or terminal mode).

• The software library contains code: files that can be executed using the ELF format on a Linux system by a running process. The dynamic linker responsible for managing the use of the library is "ld-linux.so". The most commonly used software library on Linux systems is the GNU C library.

• User interface program: such as command line shell or window environment.

Tips: Our Linux tutorials will help you learn how to use a Linux system step by step. If you have any questions, please go to the PHP Chinese website Linux Community to ask your question, and enthusiastic netizens will answer it for you.

Linux Distribution

Ubuntu is a popular desktop Linux distribution.

Linux distribution refers to what is commonly known as the "Linux operating system", which is generally produced and distributed by some organizations, groups, companies or individuals. The Linux kernel is primarily used as part of a Linux distribution. Generally speaking, a Linux distribution includes the Linux kernel, a set of installation tools for installing the entire software on the computer, various GNU software, and other free software. Some Linux distributions may include some Proprietary software.

Distributions are made for many different purposes, including support for different computer hardware architectures, adjustments to the way ordinary users or developers use them, development for real-time applications or embedded systems, etc. Currently, more than three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen of the most commonly used distributions. The more well-known ones include Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora and openSUSE.

A typical distribution includes:

Linux kernel, GNU libraries and various system tools, command line shell, the underlying X window system of the graphical interface and the upper-level desktop environment, etc. Desktop environments such as KDE or GNOME contain thousands of application software ranging from office packages, compilers, text editors, mini-games, children's educational software, to scientific tools.

Many distributions include LiveCD, which does not require installation. Just put in the system CD or other media to start, and you can use it without changing the existing system. The more famous ones include Damn Small Linux, Knoppix, etc. The technology related to LiveCD has advanced to this point, and the installation CDs of many distributions also have LiveCD functions.

Applications of Linux

Today, various Linux distributions are used on various occasions, from embedded devices to supercomputers (Super Computers), and have established a position in the server field, usually servers Use LAMP combination. Linux distributions are increasingly used in homes and businesses. It's also popular among governments, and the Brazilian federal government is world-famous for its support of Linux. There are news reports that the Russian military’s own Linux distribution has been produced as the G.H.ost project.

The Indian state of Kerala plans to promote the use of Linux in high schools across the federation. In order to gain technological independence, the People's Republic of China exclusively uses Linux in the Loongson process. Some regions in Spain have developed their own Linux distributions and are widely used in government and education fields, such as gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. Portugal also uses its own Linux distribution, Caixa Mágica, for Magalhães laptops and e-escola government software. France and Germany are also beginning to gradually adopt Linux.

Traditional Linux users are generally professionals. They are willing to install and set up their own operating systems and often spend more time installing and setting up their own operating systems than users of other operating systems. These users are sometimes called "hackers" or "geeks."

The main cost of using Linux is the cost of transplantation, training and learning. In the early days, because there were fewer people who could use Linux, and the software was not designed to be used by non-professionals, the cost in this area was extremely high. . However, the cost in this area has been reduced with the increasing popularity of Linux and the increasing number and convenience of software on Linux. However, professionalism is still the main cost of using Linux.

However, as Linux gradually became popular, some original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) began to pre-install Linux on the computers they sold. Among Linux users, there were also ordinary computer users, and the Linux system began to slow down. Slow appeared in the personal computer operating system market. Linux is highly popular in Europe, the United States and Japan, and games and other home software on Linux platforms are also released in Europe and the United States. The Linux open source community is also dominated by people from developed countries such as Europe, the United States, and Japan.

The One Laptop Per Child project is creating a new and larger Linux user base, which is planned to include hundreds of millions of school children, their families and communities in developing countries. In 2007, six countries have ordered at least one million units each for free distribution to students. Google, Red Hat and eBay are the main backers of the project.

Based on its low cost and high degree of configurability, Linux is often used in embedded systems, such as set-top boxes, mobile phones and mobile devices. On mobile phones, Linux has become the main competitor of IOS; on mobile devices, it has become an alternative to Windows CE and Palm OS. The currently popular TiVo digital cameras use customized Linux. In addition, there are many hardware-based network firewalls and routers, such as some LinkSys products, which are driven internally by Linux and use the firewall and routing functions provided by the operating system.

Content covered by this Linux tutorial manual

This Linux tutorial manual covers all knowledge about Linux servers, including Linux installation, file operations, command usage, disk management, and Shell tutorials, etc. Detailed introduction.

Tips: Each chapter of this tutorial contains many Linux examples. You can directly click the "Run Example" button to view the results online. These examples will help you better understand and operate Linux systems.

Other Linux-related learning reference resources

In addition to the knowledge expansion on the right side of this page, the following resources are also selected for everyone

1. As an excellent PHP engineer, have you mastered all these Linux commands?