PHP verfügt über viele verwandte magische Methoden im objektorientierten Teil. Diese Methoden bieten Komfort für die objektorientierte Implementierung. In diesem Artikel werden die magischen Methoden im Detail vorgestellt
Bauweise
verwendet wird
Die Deklaration des Konstruktors ist dieselbe wie die Deklaration anderer Operationen, außer dass sein Name aus zwei Unterstrichen bestehen muss __construct(). Dies ist eine Änderung in PHP5; in der PHP4-Version muss der Name des Konstruktors mit dem Klassennamen identisch sein. Wenn eine Klasse keine Methode namens __construct() hat, sucht PHP aus Gründen der Abwärtskompatibilität nach einer Methode mit demselben Namen wie die Klasse
void __construct ([ <span style="color: #0000ff;">mixed</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$args</span> [, $... ]] )
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> BaseClass { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __construct() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span> "In BaseClass constructor\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span> SubClass <span style="color: #0000ff;">extends</span><span style="color: #000000;"> BaseClass { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __construct() { parent</span>::<span style="color: #000000;">__construct(); </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span> "In SubClass constructor\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span> OtherSubClass <span style="color: #0000ff;">extends</span><span style="color: #000000;"> BaseClass { } </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> In BaseClass constructor</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> BaseClass(); </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> In BaseClass constructor // In SubClass constructor</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> SubClass(); </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> In BaseClass constructor</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> OtherSubClass(); </span>?>
Zerstörungsmethode
Ähnlich wie bei der Konstruktormethode muss der Name der Destruktormethode einer Klasse aus zwei Unterstrichen bestehen: _ _destruct(). Der Destruktor kann keine Parameter
annehmen
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> MyDestructableClass { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __construct() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span> "In constructor\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name = "MyDestructableClass"<span style="color: #000000;">; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __destruct() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span> "Destroying " . <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name . "\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">In constructor Destroying MyDestructableClass</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> MyDestructableClass(); </span>?>
Unzugängliches Eigentum
get()
Beim Lesen unzugänglicher Attribute (geschützt, privat) wird __get() aufgerufen und der Attributname wird als erster Parameter (String) an diese Methode übergeben
<span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">mixed</span> __get ( <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span> )
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo{ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$protected</span> = 1<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$public</span> = 2<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$private</span> = 3<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __get(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span><span style="color: #000000;">){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "111{<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>}111<br>"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span>;<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">111protected111</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span>;<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">111private111</span> ?>
set()
Beim Zuweisen eines Werts zu einem unzugänglichen Attribut (geschützt, privat) wird __set() aufgerufen und der Attributname wird als erster Parameter (Zeichenfolge) und der Wert als zweiter Parameter (gemischt) an diese Methode übergeben )
<span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> void __set ( <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span> , <span style="color: #0000ff;">mixed</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$value</span> )
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo{ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$protected</span> = 1<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$public</span> = 2<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$private</span> = 3<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __set(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">$value</span><span style="color: #000000;">){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "0{<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>}0{<span style="color: #800080;">$value</span>}<br>"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> = '1';<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0protected01</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> = '2'<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> = '3';<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0private03</span> ?>
isset()
Wenn isset() oder empty() für unzugängliche Eigenschaften (geschützt, privat) aufgerufen wird, wird __isset() aufgerufen
<span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> bool __isset ( <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span> )
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo{ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$protected</span> = 1<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$public</span> = 2<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$private</span> = 3<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __isset(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span><span style="color: #000000;">){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "0{<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>}0<br>"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">empty</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0protected0</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">empty</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">empty</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0private0</span> ?>
unset()
Wenn unset() für unzugängliche Eigenschaften (geschützt, privat) aufgerufen wird, wird __unset()aufgerufen
<span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> void __unset ( <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span> )
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo{ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$protected</span> = 1<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$public</span> = 2<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$private</span> = 3<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __unset(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span><span style="color: #000000;">){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "0{<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>}0<br>"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> demo; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">unset</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0protected0</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">unset</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">unset</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$d1</span>-><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">0private0</span> ?>
Objektkopie
clone()
Wenn ein Objekt geklont wird, wird die Methode clone() automatisch aufgerufen. Diese Methode erfordert keine Parameter. Sie können diese Methode verwenden, um die geklonte Kopie neu zu initialisierenDie clone()-Methode fügt automatisch Verweise auf die beiden Objekte this und that ein. Dies ist ein Verweis auf das kopierte Objekt und das ist ein Verweis auf das Originalobjekt
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Person{ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$sex</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$age</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __construct(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>="",<span style="color: #800080;">$sex</span>="",<span style="color: #800080;">$age</span>=1<span style="color: #000000;">){ </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name= <span style="color: #800080;">$name</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->sex = <span style="color: #800080;">$sex</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->age = <span style="color: #800080;">$age</span><span style="color: #000000;">; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __clone(){ </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name = <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name."的副本"<span style="color: #000000;">; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> say(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "我的名字:" .<span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->name.",性别:".<span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->sex.",年龄:".<span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->age."<br>"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$p1</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span> Person('张三','男','20'<span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #800080;">$p2</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">clone</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$p1</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$p1</span>->say();<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">我的名字:张三,性别:男,年龄:20</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$p2</span>->say();<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">我的名字:张三的副本,性别:男,年龄:20</span> ?>
Zeichenfolge
toString()Die Methode __toString() wird verwendet, um zu bestimmen, wie eine Klasse reagieren soll, wenn sie als Zeichenfolge behandelt wird. Dies ist die bequemste Möglichkeit, die Zeichenfolgendarstellung eines Objekts schnell zu erhalten Ausgabe einer Objektreferenz
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> TestClass { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$foo</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __construct(<span style="color: #800080;">$foo</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->foo = <span style="color: #800080;">$foo</span><span style="color: #000000;">; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __toString() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #000000;">foo; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$class</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span> TestClass('Hello'<span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$class</span>;<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">Hello</span> ?>
Objekt existiert nicht
call()Wenn eine unzugängliche Methode in einem Objekt aufgerufen wird, wird __call() aufgerufen
callStatic()Beim Aufrufen einer unzugänglichen Methode in einem statischen Kontext wird __callStatic() aufgerufen
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> MethodTest { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __call(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$arguments</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "Calling object method '<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>' " . <span style="color: #008080;">implode</span>(', ', <span style="color: #800080;">$arguments</span>). "\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">static</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __callStatic(<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$arguments</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "Calling static method '<span style="color: #800080;">$name</span>' " . <span style="color: #008080;">implode</span>(', ', <span style="color: #800080;">$arguments</span>). "\n"<span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> MethodTest; </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">Calling object method 'runTest' in object context</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span>->runTest('in object context'<span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">Calling static method 'runTest' in static context</span> MethodTest::runTest('in static context'<span style="color: #000000;">); </span>?>
Klassen automatisch laden
autoload()In PHP5 können Sie eine __autoload()-Funktion definieren, die automatisch aufgerufen wird, wenn versucht wird, eine Klasse zu verwenden, die noch nicht definiert wurde. Durch den Aufruf dieser Funktion hat die Skript-Engine eine letzte Chance, die erforderlichen Klassen zu laden, bevor PHP mit einem Fehler
abstürzt
sleep()
在调用serialize()函数将对象串行化时,检查类中是否存在一个魔术方法 __sleep()。如果存在,该方法会先被调用,然后才执行序列化操作。此功能可以用于清理对象,并返回一个包含对象中所有应被序列化的变量名称的数组。如果该方法未返回任何内容,则 NULL 被序列化,并产生一个 E_NOTICE 级别的错误
__sleep()函数不需要接受任何参数,但需要返回一个数组,在数组中包含需要串行化的属性。未被包含在数组中的属性将在串行化时被忽略。如果没有在类中声明__sleep()方法,对象中的所有属性都将被串行化
wakeup()
在调用unserialize()函数将对象反串行化对象时,则会自动调用对象中的__wakeup()方法,用来在二进制串重新组成一个对象时,为新对象中的成员属性重新初始化
wakeup()经常用在反序列化操作中,例如重新建立数据库连接,或执行其它初始化操作
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Connection { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">protected</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$link</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$server</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$username</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$password</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$db</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __construct(<span style="color: #800080;">$server</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$username</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$password</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$db</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->server = <span style="color: #800080;">$server</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->username = <span style="color: #800080;">$username</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->password = <span style="color: #800080;">$password</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->db = <span style="color: #800080;">$db</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #000000;">connect(); } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> connect() { </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->link = <span style="color: #008080;">mysql_connect</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->server, <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->username, <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #000000;">password); </span><span style="color: #008080;">mysql_select_db</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>->db, <span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #000000;">link); } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __sleep() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">array</span>('server', 'username', 'password', 'db'<span style="color: #000000;">); } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span><span style="color: #000000;"> __wakeup() { </span><span style="color: #800080;">$this</span>-><span style="color: #000000;">connect(); } } </span>?>
invoke()
当尝试以调用函数的方式调用一个对象时,__invoke()方法会被自动调用
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> CallableClass { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __invoke(<span style="color: #800080;">$x</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$x</span><span style="color: #000000;">); } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> CallableClass; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span>(5);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">int(5)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #008080;">is_callable</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span>));<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">bool(true)</span> ?>
【补充】
set_state()
当调用var_export()导出类时,set_state()方法会被调用,本方法的唯一参数是一个数组,其中包含按 array('property' => value, ...) 格式排列的类属性
[注意]var_export()返回关于传递给该函数的变量的结构信息,它和var_dump()类似,不同的是其返回的表示是合法的PHP代码,也就是说,var_export返回的代码,可以直接当作php代码赋给一个变量。 而这个变量就会取得和被var_export一样的类型的值
<?<span style="color: #000000;">php </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> A { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$var1</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$var2</span><span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">static</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> __set_state(<span style="color: #800080;">$an_array</span><span style="color: #000000;">) { </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> A; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span>->var1 = <span style="color: #800080;">$an_array</span>['var1'<span style="color: #000000;">]; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span>->var2 = <span style="color: #800080;">$an_array</span>['var2'<span style="color: #000000;">]; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$obj</span><span style="color: #000000;">; } } </span><span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> A; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$a</span>->var1 = 5<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #800080;">$a</span>->var2 = 'foo'<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">eval</span>('$b = ' . <span style="color: #008080;">var_export</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$a</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">true</span>) . ';'<span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;"> object(A)[2] public 'var1' => int 5 public 'var2' => string 'foo' (length=3) </span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span> <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$b</span><span style="color: #000000;">); </span>?>