1. 方法概述
首先,写一个最简单的函数,大家看一眼就可以了:
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> <</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> <</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">></SPAN>HelloPHP<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"></</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> </</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> <</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> <?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>) { <SPAN style="COLOR: red">for</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=0;$i</SPAN><5;$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN>++) { <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'<br/>'</SPAN>); } } <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello"</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?> </</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> </</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">> </SPAN>
通过这个例子,相信大家都了解了PHP中函数的大致写法,至于语法上,和其他类C语言差别不大,也都是while,for,if等,至于其他不同之处,会在之后的文章中,逐渐来说。
OK,那我来总结一下,这个方法的要点:
A. PHP的方法用function来声明,这一点类似于我们熟悉的Javascript.
B. 在使用变量必须要以美元符($)来开头。
2. 参数的引用传递和值传递
参数的值传递和引用传递,相信每个人在学习C语言时都接触到了,在此用C#来写例子:
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>b) { <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>b) { <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a; a = b; b = temp; }
那在这里就写一个PHP版本。
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>) { $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp; </SPAN>} <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap2</SPAN>(&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>) { $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp; </SPAN>} <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>) { <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>); } $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"值传递的结果:"</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>); $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1; </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap2</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"引用传递的结果:"</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?> </SPAN>
在这个例子中:有两点我需要说明:
A. 值传递和引用传递的区别在于在参数前的“&”.
B. CustomPrint('$a='.$a);在这句中,需要特殊说明一下单引号和双引号的区别,他们之间只有一个区别,就是能否解析变量名,这个例子就足够说明问题了:
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"$a"</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a'</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?> </SPAN>Nach dem Login kopieren
最后,说下关于性能的问题,在按值传递时,PHP需要进行复制,然后再传递,这样如果那些大对象或者字符串的话,就会不仅仅耗费时间,而且对空间也是一种浪费。这时,如果进行引用传递,就免去了耗费性能的复制操作。对性能提高很有好处。
3. 作用域问题
在C#中,由于变量在使用之前必须声明,因此会涉及到一个作用域和子作用域的概念,而在PHP中则没有这样的概念。
我们来看一段C#代码:
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public class </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">Student </SPAN>{ <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">private string </SPAN>name; <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>SayHello() { <SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">HttpContext</SPAN>.Current.Response.Write(<SPAN style="COLOR: #a31515">"Hello,I am " </SPAN>+ name); } }
也就是说,在方法内可以访问外部类声明的变量,但是在PHP中则不一样:
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">="kym"</SPAN>; <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function SayHello</SPAN>() { <SPAN style="COLOR: red">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: red">isset</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN>)) { <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello $name"</SPAN>); } <SPAN style="COLOR: red">else </SPAN>{ <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$name is undefined'</SPAN>); } } <SPAN style="COLOR: red">SayHello</SPAN>(); <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?> </SPAN>
这里说明一个函数“isset”,这个函数可以检测一个变量是否被定义,或者是否是空字符串。
那么这个结果说明,在函数体内,无法访问到外部变量$name。
在这里在多提一点:一个与unset对应的函数:unset。该函数用于移除一个变量的值。
写个简单的例子:
<SPAN style="COLOR: red"><?php </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>=<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"kym"</SPAN>; <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>)) { <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>); } <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else </SPAN>{ <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>); } <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">unset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>); <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>)) { <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>); } <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else </SPAN>{ <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>); } <SPAN style="COLOR: red">?></SPAN>Nach dem Login kopieren
关于这些会在之后的垃圾回收里详细提及。