Im Vergleich zu Windows erfordern viele Steuerelemente in Linux zum Betrieb Befehle. Die Bedienung von Windows erfolgt intuitiv und visuell, was sich besonders für die Bedienung und Ausführung entsprechender Software auf Desktop-PCs eignet.
Der Linux-Befehlszeilenbetrieb, insbesondere im Hinblick auf serverseitige Programmierung, Verwaltung sowie Betrieb und Wartung, ist einfacher, kürzer und prägnanter. Mit nur einer Zeile kombinierter Befehle können Sie komplexe und effiziente Funktionsvorgänge ausführen, die verschiedene Verarbeitungs- und Integrationsmöglichkeiten in Windows erfordern.
cd /home 进入 '/ home' 目录' cd .. 返回上一级目录 cd ../.. 返回上两级目录 cd 进入个人的主目录 cd ~user1 进入个人的主目录 cd - 返回上次所在的目录 pwd 显示工作路径 ls 查看目录中的文件 ls -F 查看目录中的文件 ls -l 显示文件和目录的详细资料 ls -a 显示隐藏文件 ls *[0-9]* 显示包含数字的文件名和目录名 tree 显示文件和目录由根目录开始的树形结构(1) lstree 显示文件和目录由根目录开始的树形结构(2) mkdir dir1 创建一个叫做 'dir1' 的目录' mkdir dir1 dir2 同时创建两个目录 mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 创建一个目录树 rm -f file1 删除一个叫做 'file1' 的文件' rmdir dir1 删除一个叫做 'dir1' 的目录' rm -rf dir1 删除一个叫做 'dir1' 的目录并同时删除其内容 rm -rf dir1 dir2 同时删除两个目录及它们的内容 mv dir1 new_dir 重命名/移动 一个目录 cp file1 file2 复制一个文件 cp dir/* . 复制一个目录下的所有文件到当前工作目录 cp -a /tmp/dir1 . 复制一个目录到当前工作目录 cp -a dir1 dir2 复制一个目录 ln -s file1 lnk1 创建一个指向文件或目录的软链接 ln file1 lnk1 创建一个指向文件或目录的物理链接 touch -t 0712250000 file1 修改一个文件或目录的时间戳 - (YYMMDDhhmm) file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text iconv -l 列出已知的编码 iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile creates a new from the given input file by assuming it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to toEncoding. find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert "{}" -resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)
1. COMMAND-LINE Options The command-line syntax for top consists of: -hv|-bcHiOSs -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pid -o fld -w [cols] The typically mandatory switch ('-') and even whitespace are completely optional. -h | -v :Help/Version Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit. -b :Batch-mode operation Starts top in Batch mode, which could be useful for sending output from top to other programs or to a file. In this mode, top will not accept input and runs until the iterations limit you've set with the `-n' command-line option or until killed. -c :Command-line/Program-name toggle Starts top with the last remembered `c' state reversed. Thus, if top was displaying command lines, now that field will show program names, and visa versa. See the `c' interactive command for additional information. -d :Delay-time interval as: -d ss.t (secs.tenths) Specifies the delay between screen updates, and overrides the corresponding value in one's personal configuration file or the startup default. Later this can be changed with the `d' or `s' interactive commands. Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed. In all cases, however, such changes are prohibited if top is running in Secure mode, except for root (unless the `s' command-line option was used). For additional information on Secure mode see topic 6a. SYSTEM Configuration File. -H :Threads-mode operation Instructs top to display individual threads. Without this command-line option a summation of all threads in each process is shown. Later this can be changed with the `H' interactive command. -i :Idle-process toggle Starts top with the last remembered `i' state reversed. When this toggle is Off, tasks that have not used any CPU since the last update will not be displayed. For additional information regarding this toggle see topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SIZE. -n :Number-of-iterations limit as: -n number Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames, top should produce before ending. -o :Override-sort-field as: -o fieldname Specifies the name of the field on which tasks will be sorted, independent of what is reflected in the configuration file. You can prepend a `+' or `-' to the field name to also override the sort direction. A leading `+' will force sorting high to low, whereas a `-' will ensure a low to high ordering. This option exists primarily to support automated/scripted batch mode operation. -O :Output-field-names This option acts as a form of help for the above -o option. It will cause top to print each of the available field names on a separate line, then quit. Such names are subject to nls translation. -p :Monitor-PIDs mode as: -pN1 -pN2 ... or -pN1,N2,N3 ... Monitor only processes with specified process IDs. This option can be given up to 20 times, or you can provide a comma delimited list with up to 20 pids. Co-mingling both approaches is permitted. A pid value of zero will be treated as the process id of the top program itself once it is running. This is a command-line option only and should you wish to return to normal operation, it is not necessary to quit and restart top -- just issue any of these interactive commands: `=', `u' or `U'. The `p', `u' and `U' command-line options are mutually exclusive. -s :Secure-mode operation Starts top with secure mode forced, even for root. This mode is far better controlled through the system configuration file (see topic 6. FILES). -S :Cumulative-time toggle Starts top with the last remembered `S' state reversed. When Cumulative time mode is On, each process is listed with the cpu time that it and its dead children have used. See the `S' interactive command for additional information regarding this mode. -u | -U :User-filter-mode as: -u | -U number or name Display only processes with a user id or user name matching that given. The `-u' option matches on effective user whereas the `-U' option matches on any user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem). Prepending an exclamation point ('!') to the user id or name instructs top to display only processes with users not matching the one provided. The `p', `u' and `U' command-line options are mutually exclusive. -w :Output-width-override as: -w [ number ] In Batch mode, when used without an argument top will format output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set. Otherwise, width will be fixed at the maximum 512 columns. With an argument, output width can be decreased or increased (up to 512) but the number of rows is considered unlimited. In normal display mode, when used without an argument top will attempt to format output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set. With an argument, output width can only be decreased, not increased. Whether using environment vari‐ ables or an argument with -w, when not in Batch mode actual terminal dimensions can never be exceeded. Note: Without the use of this command-line option, output width is always based on the terminal at which top was invoked whether or not in Batch mode.
#!/bin/bash ddl_file_path=/c/Users/user/Downloads/sqoop_data/hive_2_mysql ls $ddl_file_path | while read f;doecho "--------->"$ddl_file_path/$f ## Template#sed -i 's///g' $ddl_file_path/$f#sed -i "s///g" $ddl_file_path/$f sed -i 's/111.111.111.111:3306/222.222.222.222:3307/g' $ddl_file_path/$fsed -i "s/'password_1'/'password_2'/g" $ddl_file_path/$f done # echo -e "=========>\n\t Files contains keyword "/WARN:" in path $ddl_file_path are deleted!!!"
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#!/bin/bash set -x ## Template#sed -i 's///g' $ddl_file_path/$f#sed -i "s///g" $ddl_file_path/$f ## Func 1 - 实现在所有文件的第四行、第五行插入指定文本 ddl_file_path=/e/迅雷下载/user_data_after ls $ddl_file_path | while read f;do # 如果文件不是文件夹类型，才允许插入操作 if [ ! -d $f ];then echo "--------->"$ddl_file_path/$f sed -i '4i retries=10' $ddl_file_path/$f sed -i '5i retry.backoff=3' $ddl_file_path/$f fidone ## Func 2 - 如果文件夹不存在，则创建；反之提示文件已存在 if [ ! -d "beijing" ];then mkdir beijingelse echo "File already exists"fi
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文件类型的参数判别大全：
shell脚本判断文件类型 shell判断文件,目录是否存在或者具有权限 #!/bin/sh myPath="/var/log/httpd/" myFile="/var/log/httpd/access.log" # 这里的-x 参数判断$myPath是否存在并且是否具有可执行权限 if [ ! -x "$myPath"]; then mkdir "$myPath" fi # 这里的-d 参数判断$myPath是否存在 if [ ! -d "$myPath"]; then mkdir "$myPath" fi # 这里的-f参数判断$myFile是否存在 if [ ! -f "$myFile" ]; then touch "$myFile" fi # 其他参数还有-n,-n是判断一个变量是否是否有值 if [ ! -n "$myVar" ]; then echo "$myVar is empty" exit 0 fi # 两个变量判断是否相等 if [ "$var1" = "$var2" ]; then echo '$var1 eq $var2' else echo '$var1 not eq $var2' fi
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文件的判别逻辑大全：
-a file exists. -b file exists and is a block special file. -c file exists and is a character special file. -d file exists and is a directory. -e file exists (just the same as -a). -f file exists and is a regular file. -g file exists and has its setgid(2) bit set. -G file exists and has the same group ID as this process. -k file exists and has its sticky bit set. -L file exists and is a symbolic link. -n string length is not zero. -o Named option is set on. -O file exists and is owned by the user ID of this process. -p file exists and is a first in, first out (FIFO) special file or named pipe. -r file exists and is readable by the current process. -s file exists and has a size greater than zero. -S file exists and is a socket. -t file descriptor number fildes is open and associated with a terminal device. -u file exists and has its setuid(2) bit set. -w file exists and is writable by the current process. -x file exists and is executable by the current process. -z string length is zero. 注意-s 和 -f 参数的区别
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cat -n file1 标示文件的行数 cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' 删除example.txt文件中的所有偶数行 echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' 查看一行第一栏 echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' 查看一行的第一和第三栏 paste file1 file2 合并两个文件或两栏的内容 paste -d '+' file1 file2 合并两个文件或两栏的内容，中间用"+"区分 sort file1 file2 排序两个文件的内容 sort file1 file2 | uniq 取出两个文件的并集(重复的行只保留一份) sort file1 file2 | uniq -u 删除交集，留下其他的行 sort file1 file2 | uniq -d 取出两个文件的交集(只留下同时存在于两个文件中的文件) comm -1 file1 file2 比较两个文件的内容只删除 'file1' 所包含的内容 comm -2 file1 file2 比较两个文件的内容只删除 'file2' 所包含的内容 comm -3 file1 file2 比较两个文件的内容只删除两个文件共有的部分
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综合案例:
①：本机tcp各种状态数统计
netstat -n | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a, S[a]}'CLOSE_WAIT 2ESTABLISHED 276SYN_SENT 2TIME_WAIT 63270
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awk 'BEGIN { sum = 0; for (i = 0; i < 20; ++i) { sum += i; if (sum > 50) exit(10); else print "Sum =", sum } }'
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