【连载】关系型数据库是如何工作的?(7)
现在我们可以看看数据库内部都有什么组件。一个数据库就是容易访问和修改的信息集合,实际上,一组简单的文件就可以做到。最简单的数据库SQLite就是由一组简单文件组成的,并且是一组精心设计的一组文件,它允许你: 通过事务保证数据的安全性和一致性; 即
现在我们可以看看数据库内部都有什么组件。一个数据库就是容易访问和修改的信息集合,实际上,一组简单的文件就可以做到。最简单的数据库SQLite就是由一组简单文件组成的,并且是一组精心设计的一组文件,它允许你:
- 通过事务保证数据的安全性和一致性;
- 即时海量数据也能保证快速处理数据。
通常,一个数据的组件视图如下:
在写下这部分内容之前,我阅读了很多书籍和论文,每一个都有其特有的方式来描述数据库。因此就不要纠结我怎么组织数据库,或者我怎么命名这些组件,因为我已经为此考虑良久来适合这篇文章。不同的组件并不重要,重要的是将一个数据库划分为多个组件及其之间的联系。
核心组件
- 进程管理器:许多数据库都包含一个被管理的进程或线程池。而且为了支持纳秒,很多数据库使用它们自己的线程而不是操作系统线程。
- 网络管理器:网络IO是一个很重要的议题,尤其对于分布式数据库,因此一些数据库有它们自己的网络管理器。
- 文件系统管理器:磁盘IO是数据库的第一瓶颈,因此用一个管理器来完美的处理操作系统文件系统,甚至取而代之就极其重要。
- 内存管理器:为了避免磁盘IO的瓶颈,一个大的内存是必要的。但是如果你处理一个很大的内存,那就需要一个高效的管理器,尤其是当你有大量并发的使用内存的查询请求时。
- 安全管理器:用于管理身份认证和用户权限。
- 客户端管理器:用于管理客户端连接。
- …
工具
- 备份管理器:保护和恢复数据;
- 恢复管理器:宕机后保证数据状态的一致性,并正常重启;
- 监控管理器:记录数据库的行为,并提供工具来监控;
- 数据库管理器:存储元数据(像表的名字和结构),并提供工具管理数据库、Schemas、表空间…
- …
查询管理
- 查询解析器:检查查询语句是否有效;
- 查询重写器:预优化查询;
- 查询优化器:优化查询;
- 查询执行器:编译并执行查询语句;
数据管理
- 事务管理器:处理事务;
- 缓存管理器:在从磁盘读或写之前,把数据先放入内存;
- 数据访问管理器:访问在磁盘上的数据。
这篇文章的其余部分,我会聚焦于一个数据库如何管理一个查询的一下过程:
- 客户端管理
- 查询管理
- 数据管理(包括数据恢复)
下一章节我们首先介绍客户端管理。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



SpringDataJPA is based on the JPA architecture and interacts with the database through mapping, ORM and transaction management. Its repository provides CRUD operations, and derived queries simplify database access. Additionally, it uses lazy loading to only retrieve data when necessary, thus improving performance.

Go language is an efficient, concise and easy-to-learn programming language. It is favored by developers because of its advantages in concurrent programming and network programming. In actual development, database operations are an indispensable part. This article will introduce how to use Go language to implement database addition, deletion, modification and query operations. In Go language, we usually use third-party libraries to operate databases, such as commonly used sql packages, gorm, etc. Here we take the sql package as an example to introduce how to implement the addition, deletion, modification and query operations of the database. Assume we are using a MySQL database.

Apple's latest releases of iOS18, iPadOS18 and macOS Sequoia systems have added an important feature to the Photos application, designed to help users easily recover photos and videos lost or damaged due to various reasons. The new feature introduces an album called "Recovered" in the Tools section of the Photos app that will automatically appear when a user has pictures or videos on their device that are not part of their photo library. The emergence of the "Recovered" album provides a solution for photos and videos lost due to database corruption, the camera application not saving to the photo library correctly, or a third-party application managing the photo library. Users only need a few simple steps

Hibernate polymorphic mapping can map inherited classes to the database and provides the following mapping types: joined-subclass: Create a separate table for the subclass, including all columns of the parent class. table-per-class: Create a separate table for subclasses, containing only subclass-specific columns. union-subclass: similar to joined-subclass, but the parent class table unions all subclass columns.

The learning curve of the Go framework architecture depends on familiarity with the Go language and back-end development and the complexity of the chosen framework: a good understanding of the basics of the Go language. It helps to have backend development experience. Frameworks that differ in complexity lead to differences in learning curves.

How to use MySQLi to establish a database connection in PHP: Include MySQLi extension (require_once) Create connection function (functionconnect_to_db) Call connection function ($conn=connect_to_db()) Execute query ($result=$conn->query()) Close connection ( $conn->close())

To handle database connection errors in PHP, you can use the following steps: Use mysqli_connect_errno() to obtain the error code. Use mysqli_connect_error() to get the error message. By capturing and logging these error messages, database connection issues can be easily identified and resolved, ensuring the smooth running of your application.

HTML cannot read the database directly, but it can be achieved through JavaScript and AJAX. The steps include establishing a database connection, sending a query, processing the response, and updating the page. This article provides a practical example of using JavaScript, AJAX and PHP to read data from a MySQL database, showing how to dynamically display query results in an HTML page. This example uses XMLHttpRequest to establish a database connection, send a query and process the response, thereby filling data into page elements and realizing the function of HTML reading the database.
