【连载】关系型数据库是如何工作的?(11)
在重写这一步,我们拿到了查询SQL的内部表示,重写的目的是: 预优化SQL 避免不必要的操作 帮助优化器找到尽可能好的解决方案 重写器会在查询上匹配一系列规则,如果匹配一个规则就应用它重写查询,以下是部分可选的规则: 视图合并:如果你在查询中用了视图
在重写这一步,我们拿到了查询SQL的内部表示,重写的目的是:
- 预优化SQL
- 避免不必要的操作
- 帮助优化器找到尽可能好的解决方案
重写器会在查询上匹配一系列规则,如果匹配一个规则就应用它重写查询,以下是部分可选的规则:
- 视图合并:如果你在查询中用了视图,那么视图就会被转换为一段代码;
- 优化子查询:由于一个子查询非常难以优化,因此重写器会修改子查询并删除子查询。
例如:
<code class=" hljs sql"><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> PERSON.* <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> PERSON <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> PERSON.person_key <span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> MAILS.person_key <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> MAILS <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> MAILS.mail <span class="hljs-keyword">LIKE</span> <span class="hljs-string">'christophe%'</span>);</span></code>
会被重写器转换为:
<code class=" hljs sql"><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> PERSON.* <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> PERSON, MAILS <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> PERSON.person_key = MAILS.person_key <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> MAILS.mail <span class="hljs-keyword">LIKE</span> <span class="hljs-string">'christophe%'</span>;</span></code>
- 移除不必要的操作:如果在某个或某组字段上使用了DISTINCT关键字,但是同时在这些字段上又增加了防止数据不唯一的唯一性约束,则重写器会移除DISTINCT;
- 移除多余的join:如果两次使用同一个join条件(可能是一个join条件被视图所隐藏),或者可能因为传递性导致一个不必要的join,它们都会被移除;
- 数学常量代换:如果你使用了一些数学运算,那么它只会被重写器计算一次。例如WHERE AGE > 10+2会被转换为WHERE AGE > 12、TODATE(“some date”) 会被转换为DateTime类型的日期;
- (高级)分区优化:如果你使用的是分区表,重写器会找到实际使用的分区;
- (高级)物化视图重写:如果有物化视图匹配查询的子集,重写器会检查其是否是最新的,并用物化视图替换实际的表;
- (高级)定制规则:如果你为了修改查询(像Oracle策略)定制了一些规则,重写器会执行这些规则;
重写后的查询会被转发给优化器继续处理。

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