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SQLServer基础语法实例应用(一)

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一、基础1、说明:创建数据库 ? 1 CREATE DATABASE database-name 2、说明:删除数据库 ? 1 DROP DATABASE database-name 3、说明:备份数据库 ? 1 2 3 4 5 USE master -- 创建 备份数据的 device EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'cc_jz', 'd:cc_jz.dat' --

一、基础 1、说明:创建数据库

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CREATE DATABASE database-name

2、说明:删除数据库

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DROP  DATABASE database-name 

3、说明:备份数据库

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USE master

-- 创建 备份数据的 device

EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'cc_jz', 'd:cc_jz.dat'

-- 开始 备份

BACKUP DATABASE cc_jz TO cc_jz

4、说明:创建新表

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create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

 

--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int,[品名] varchar(6),[入库数量] int,[入库时间] datetime)

insert [a]

select 1,'矿泉水',100,'2013-01-02' union all

select 2,'方便面',60,'2013-01-03' union all

select 3,'方便面',50,'2013-01-03' union all

select 4,'矿泉水',80,'2013-01-04' union all

select 5,'方便面',50,'2013-01-05'

 

select * from a

/*

ID          品名     入库数量        入库时间

----------- ------ ----------- -----------------------

1           矿泉水    100         2013-01-02 00:00:00.000

2           方便面    60          2013-01-03 00:00:00.000

3           方便面    50          2013-01-03 00:00:00.000

4           矿泉水    80          2013-01-04 00:00:00.000

5           方便面    50          2013-01-05 00:00:00.000

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

5、说明:删除新表

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drop table tabname

6、说明:增加一个列

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Alter table tabname add column col type

 

Alter table a add  col int

 

select * from a

/*

ID          品名     入库数量        入库时间                    col

----------- ------ ----------- ----------------------- -----------

1           矿泉水    100         2013-01-02 00:00:00.000 NULL

2           方便面    60          2013-01-03 00:00:00.000 NULL

3           方便面    50          2013-01-03 00:00:00.000 NULL

4           矿泉水    80          2013-01-04 00:00:00.000 NULL

5           方便面    50          2013-01-05 00:00:00.000 NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

7、说明:添加主键:

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Alter table tabname add primary key(col)

说明:删除主键:

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Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

8、说明:创建索引:

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create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)

删除索引:

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drop index idxname

注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。

9、说明:创建视图:

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create view viewname as select statement

删除视图:

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drop view viewname

10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句

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--选择:

select * from table1

--插入:

insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)

--删除:

delete from table1 --where 范围

--更新:

update table1 set field1=value1 --where 范围

--查找:

select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%'

--排序:

select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]

--总数:

select count as totalcount from table1

--求和:

select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1

--平均:

select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1

--最大:

select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1

--最小:

select min(field1) as minvalue from table1

11、说明:几个高级查询运算词

A: UNION/UNION ALL 运算符

UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。

当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

1

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NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

4

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

--合并去重

select * from a

union

select * from b

/*

ID

-----------

NULL

1

2

3

4

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--合并不去重

select * from a

union all

select * from b

/*

ID

-----------

1

1

2

3

NULL

1

2

2

4

NULL

 

(10 行受影响)

*/

B: EXCEPT 运算符

EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。

注意:根本没有EXCEPT ALL 的用法;网上很多文章里写有EXCEPT ALL ,实际上是错误的。(测试SQL Server 2000 2005 2008R2 2012都不好用)

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

1

2

3

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

4

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

--取两表不同数据并去重

select * from a

EXCEPT

select * from b

/*

ID

-----------

3

 

(1 行受影响)

*/ 

C: INTERSECT 运算符

INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。

注意:根本没有INTERSECT ALL 的用法;网上很多文章里写有INTERSECT ALL ,实际上是错误的。(测试SQL Server 2000 2005 2008R2 2012都不好用)

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

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NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

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NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

--取两表相同数据并去重

select * from a

INTERSECT 

select * from b

/*

ID

-----------

NULL

1

2

 

(3 行受影响)

*/ 

12、说明:使用外连接
A、left (outer) join:
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。

SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

1

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NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

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NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

 

 

select a.*,b.* from a  a LEFT  JOIN b b ON a.id= b.id

/*

ID          ID

----------- -----------

1           1

1           1

2           2

2           2

3           NULL

NULL        NULL

 

(6 行受影响)

 

*/

B:right (outer) join:

右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

1

2

3

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

4

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

 

 

select a.*,b.* from a  a RIGHT  JOIN b b ON a.id= b.id

/*

ID          ID

----------- -----------

1           1

1           1

2           2

2           2

NULL        4

NULL        NULL

 

(6 行受影响)

 

 

*/

C:full/cross (outer) join:

全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。

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--> 测试数据:[a]

if object_id('[a]') is not null drop table [a]

go

create table [a]([ID] int)

insert [a]

select 1 union all

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 3 union all

select null

select * from a

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

1

2

3

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

*/

 

--> 测试数据:[b]

if object_id('[b]') is not null drop table [b]

go

create table [b]([ID] int)

insert [b]

select 1 union all

select 2 union all

select 2 union all

select 4 union all

select null

select * from b

/*

 

(5 行受影响)

ID

-----------

1

2

2

4

NULL

 

(5 行受影响)

 

*/

 

select a.*,b.* from a  a FULL  JOIN b b ON a.id= b.id

/*

ID          ID

----------- -----------

1           1

1           1

2           2

2           2

3           NULL

NULL        NULL

NULL        4

NULL        NULL

 

(8 行受影响)

 

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