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用Enum代替整数集
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实战技巧:用Enum(枚举类型)取代整数集

Jun 07, 2016 pm 02:59 PM
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在Android的API中可以发现有很多用整数集来作为参数的地方,先来看一下实例。 LinearLayout是大家所熟知的一个UI基本元素,它里面有一个方向的属性,可以通过以下方法来设置: LinearLayout.setOrientation(int); 使用的时候,通常都是这样: LinearLayout.s

在Android的API中可以发现有很多用整数集来作为参数的地方,先来看一下实例。
LinearLayout是大家所熟知的一个UI基本元素,它里面有一个方向的属性,可以通过以下方法来设置:

   LinearLayout.setOrientation(int);
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使用的时候,通常都是这样:
LinearLayout.setOrientation(LinearLayout.HORIZONTAL);
LinearLayout.setOrientation(LinearLayout.VERTICAL); 
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但也可以这样使用:
LinearLayout.setOrientation(0); // LinearLayout.HORIZONTAL = 0
LinearLayout.setOrientation(1); // LinearLayout.VERTICAL = 0x01
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甚至可以这样:
LinearLayout.setOrientation(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
LinearLayout.setOrientation(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
LinearLayout.setOrientation(2012);
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因为方法setOrientation接收的参数是一个整数,所以你可以传任意合法的整数---至少这在编译时不会有任何问题。它只会在运行时可能引发问题,但如你所知,开发者只关注程序能否编译成功,至于运行时,那是用户关心的事儿,因为开发者不一定使用他们所开发出的程序。
除了这个例子,在Android的API中到处可以看到这种API,比如设置View的可见性,设置Wifi状态等等。都是定义了整数集,然后用整数来做为参数,并寄希望开发者能传递整数集中定义的常量来作为参数。但如你所知,并不是每个人都那么的守规矩,如果每个人都能遵守规则,这个世界就真的和谐了,蛋扯远了。
因为开发者通常只能关注编译,所以如果能把这个规则应用在编译时,那么就会大大减少出错的可能。有兴趣的朋友可以去试试看,给这些接收整数参数的方法传一些“平常”的数值,比如2012,Integer.MAX_VALUE,Integer.MIN_VALUE等等,看会出现什么状况。
另外,如果开发者传递与常量定义一致的整数值,虽然编译运行都不会有错,但代码的可读性会大大的降低,比如:

LinearLayout.setOrientation(0);
LinearLayout.setOrientation(1);
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这完全没有错,但是代码的阅读者和维护者通常都会蛋疼的。
当然,Android自身还是有保护措施的,如果对API传递不合法参数,不会造成其他影响,只是设置不能生效,但API会使用默认值,因为对于每个内置参数,都有相应的默认值。如LinearLayout的orientation,默认值就是LinearLayout.HORIZONTAL,所以如果对setOrientation()传入非法值,LinearLayout会保持水平排列,无其他影响。后面有个对Linearlayout的orientation做的试验。
另外,如果在Layout XML文件中设置这些属性就不会有些问题,如:

<linearlayout android:orientation="vertical" android:gravity="center"></linearlayout>
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因为XML布局会在编译时被处理,如果有非法的值,会有编译错误的。我想这也就是Android特别鼓励开发者用XML来制作所有的布局的一个原因吧。

实例,三个没有设置指向的线性布局,默认是水平放置,在代码中设置了几个离谱的值,发现它们还是水平的,也就是说设置离谱的值不会出错,但也不起作用:

运行结果如下:

实战技巧:用Enum(枚举类型)取代整数集

代码如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<linearlayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:gravity="center">
    <linearlayout android:id="@+id/linearlayout_test_1" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    
	  <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff00ff00" android:background="#aa331155" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Microsoft"></textview>
	  <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ffff0000" android:background="#aa117711" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Apple"></textview>
	  <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff0000ff" android:background="#aa774411" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Google"></textview>
    </linearlayout>
    <linearlayout android:id="@+id/linearlayout_test_2" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff00ff00" android:background="#aa331155" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Microsoft"></textview>
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ffff0000" android:background="#aa117711" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Apple"></textview>
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff0000ff" android:background="#aa774411" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Google"></textview>
    </linearlayout>
    <linearlayout android:id="@+id/linearlayout_test_3" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff00ff00" android:background="#aa331155" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Microsoft"></textview>
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ffff0000" android:background="#aa117711" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Apple"></textview>
      <textview android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textcolor="#ff0000ff" android:background="#aa774411" android:layout_weight="1" android:textsize="18sp" android:text="Google"></textview>
    </linearlayout>
</linearlayout>
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和:
package com.android.explorer;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

public class LinearLayoutTest extends Activity {
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.linearlayout_test);
        LinearLayout one = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.linearlayout_test_1);
        one.setOrientation(2012);
        LinearLayout two = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.linearlayout_test_2);
        two.setOrientation(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        LinearLayout three = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.linearlayout_test_3);
        three.setOrientation(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
    }
}
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用Enum代替整数集

其实很简单,用Enum(枚举)就可以很方便的解决这个问题,使用起来也不比定义整数集繁琐,同样的可读。另外的优点就是,它的封装更好,最重要的是它会在编译时被检查。因为Java是一种Strong Type,也就是说在编译时,编译器会对所有原型类型和参数类型进行检查,如果类型不对,并且没有强制转型的,就会报出编译错误,当然编译器所支持的自动转型除外。比如一个需要int,而传的参数是long,虽然都差不多,没有溢出等,但还是会有编译错误。
所以,如果LinearLayout使用Enum,就像这样定义:

public class LinearLayout extends ViewGroup {
    private Orientation mOrientation;
    
    public enum Orientation {
        HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL
    };
    
    public void setOrientation(Orientation dir) {
        mOrientation = dir;

    }

}
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然后这样使用:
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

LinearLayout.setOrientation(Orientation.HORIZONTAL);
LinearLayout.setOrientation(Orientation.VERTICAL); 
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那么,开发者就不会用错了,因为首先,它看到setOrientation所需要的参数是一个Orientation的枚举类型,就会自然的传送Orientation中定义的类型;另外,如果传其他的值,比如0或者1,编译器也不会答应的。
可悲的是Android中几乎所有的API都是以整数集的方式来定义的,所以就要时刻提醒自己和组里的人,一定要传所定义的整数集中的常量。
那么我们能做的,除了要传整数集中定义的常量,对于那些以整数集方式定义的API,以外。更重要的是当自己定义接口的时候,尽量用Enum而不要使用整数集。
还有一点需要注意的是,对于某些弱类型语言,也就是说在编译时不会对类型做特别细致的检查,比如C++,C等,那么即使使用了Enum,也不一定安全,因为对于C++和C来讲Enum中的常量与整数常量完全一样,连编译器都分不清。所以,对于这类语言,只能寄希望于开发者了。

后记:

写完这篇,让我想起了另外一些与参数定义相关的问题,比如布尔型参数也不是一个很好的设计,因为使用者很难到底应该传True还是传False,特别是当方法名字不能体现Boolean参数作用时和文档不够清楚的时候。如果只有一个参数还好,根据方法名字和常识都能知道,比如:
Button.setEnabled(true); // enable the button
Button.setEnabled(false); // disable the button
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但对于某些情况,当方法的名字不能体现Boolean参数的作用时,或是多于一个参数时,而方法的主要目的又不能体现Boolean参数的作用时,就很不清楚,比如:
// com/android/mms/data/ContactList.java
public String[] getNumbers(boolean);
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您能猜出来这个boolean变量是决定是否要为彩信对联系人做特殊的处理吗?您在使用这个API的时候能很快知道该传True还是该传False吗?当读到这些语句的时候:
String[] mms = getNumbers(true);
String[] sms = getNumbers(false);
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您能知道True和False的含义与作用吗?至少我看到这样的代码时,如果不去跟踪它的实现,是猜不出来的。
但现实的问题是,API通常又需要从调用者那里得到做还是不做的决定。一个可行的途径是用方法来封装和隐藏,比如:

Button.setEnabled(true); // enable the button
Button.setEnabled(false); // disable the button
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可以改成:
Button.enable();
Button.disable();
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这是简单的情况,对于稍复杂的情况,比如后一个例子,可以添加另外的接口,而不是用重载方法,但内部的实现,可能还是需要重载,但是这就把问题缩小了,起码对使用者来说是隐藏的:
// com/android/mms/data/ContactList.java
public String[] getNumbersForSms();
public String[] getNumbersForMms();
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这样一来,对外来讲就是良好的封装。内部实现可能还是需要一个类似这样的私有方法:
// com/android/mms/data/ContactList.java
public String[] getNumbersForSms() {
   return getNumbers(false);
}
public String[] getNumbersForMms() {
   return getNumbers(true);
}
private String[] getNumbers(boolean) {
   // implementation
}
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但至少把问题缩小化了,也可以加上注释来说明。就不必导致使用者来猜方法的用法和含义了。
对于使用Boolean作为参数的弊端,可以参考陈皓的这篇博客,讲的很透彻。

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