ArcGIS制图技巧(上篇)
1 引言 1.1 制图的目的 随着GIS 在各行各业的深入应用,各信息化部门和生产单位都逐渐建立起自己的GIS的应用,同时积累了大量的地理数据。随着应用深度和广度的推进,针对数据建立专题应用越来越迫切,对行业专题制图的需求也进一步扩大。因此,如何围绕数据
1
1.1
随着GIS在各行各业的深入应用,各信息化部门和生产单位都逐渐建立起自己的GIS的应用,同时积累了大量的地理数据。随着应用深度和广度的推进,针对数据建立专题应用越来越迫切,对行业专题制图的需求也进一步扩大。因此,如何围绕数据制作精美的地图以符合应用需求将是一个重要的课题。
1.2
制图最大的特点是基于已有地理数据进行制图,跟传统的制图方式有着极大的区别。传统的制图方式没有任何的数据支撑,使用制图工具可以对地图图元进行随意的绘制和修改,能够灵活的修改地图的每个细节,但地图生产过程非常缓慢,也不适宜做多个专题的地图生产。使用GIS平台进行制图,地图制图是建立在已有数据的基础上,制图者只需要关注数据规范和符号化规则就能够快速的完成地图的制作,但由于是使用规则进行符号化,故此,对于无规则的地图符号的表达需要耗费一定的时间。
1.3
尽管已经拥有地理数据,然而对于地图制图来说,这只是最基本的一个环节。地理数据只是经过数字化后的一系列的带坐标的几何图形,本身不存在任何的符合,要把这些数字化图形转化为我们所能识别的地图,还需要进行所谓的“符号化”过程,也就是我们常说的配图。如果要进一步制图专题地图,也许还需要对数据进行一系列的处理(如坐标转换、数据分割、要素聚合和简化、几何逻辑验证、字段处理等)以及制作基于行业标准的地图符号库。这就对地图的生产者来说,在对数据、行业符号标准以及所使用工具的熟悉程度都提出更高的要求。
2 ArcGIS的制图技术与技巧
ESRI公司专注GIS行业几十年,ArcGIS产品在行业中应用非常广泛,在地图制图方面也有着出色的表现(制图可视化、空间数据管理、空间分析 是ArcGIS的三大基石)。ArcGIS的制图技术主要包括符号库技术、符号系统、标注、制图表达等。巧妙的搭配使用这些制图技术,可以满足专业的制图生产。
2.1
地图最直接的表达就是使用符号表达。使用符号可以把简单的点线面要素渲染成最直观的地理符号,提高地图的可读性。利用ArcGIS的样式管理器可以创建各种符号样式,对符号样式进行管理。
每个行业都会有一套基于行业的符号样式,也许这些符号最初的创建不是基于ArcGIS软件制作的,但通过样式管理器都能方便的使用。如精美的图标图片,可以转换为BMP或EMF格式导入到符号库中;已经在其他制图软件中大量使用的字体图库,可以直接在样式管理器中作为字符标记符号使用。
符号的设计同样也遵循“层”的理念,建立复杂的地图符号时,可以通过设置多个符号层的规则来实现。如下图就是使用双线道路符号和边界线的符号设计。
由上两张图可见,使用两层线符号以及设置线宽度可以实现这种双线道路符号的显示;使用两层标记线符号,通过设置规则,可以实现复杂的边界符号显示。因此,只要掌握了ArcGIS符号制作的技巧,分析符号并总结出规则,就可以制作符合要求的地图符号。
2.2
符号系统是ArcGIS展示数据的最基本的方式。符号系统提供了最传统的点线面符号渲染方式,用户可以在这里设置图层要素的符号、颜色等。通过简单的设置就可以实现诸如唯一值、等级、图表等渲染等高级渲染。符号系统一般是通过绑定字段值得方式进行渲染的,因此,属性对于地图制图起到至关重要的作用。如下图分别通过设置字段实现唯一值渲染和图表渲染。

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