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Oracle中建立索引并强制优化器使用

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:06 PM
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欢迎进入Oracle社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 当WHERE子句对某一列使用函数时,除非利用这个简单的技术强制索引,否则Oracle优化器不能在查询中使用索引。 通常情况下,如果在WHERE子句中不使用诸如UPPER、REPLACE 或SUBSTRD等函数,就不能对指

欢迎进入Oracle社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入

    当WHERE子句对某一列使用函数时,除非利用这个简单的技术强制索引,否则Oracle优化器不能在查询中使用索引。

    通常情况下,如果在WHERE子句中不使用诸如UPPER、REPLACE 或SUBSTRD等函数,就不能对指定列建立特定的条件。但如果使用了这些函数,则会出现一个问题:这些函数会阻碍Oracle优化器对列使用索引,因而与采用索引的情况相比较,查询会花费更多的时间。

    庆幸的是,如果在使用函数的这些列中包含了字符型数据,可以用这样一种方法修改查询语句,以达到强制性使用索引,更有效地运行查询。这篇文章介绍了涉及的技术,并说明了在两种典型情况下怎样实现。

大小写混合情况

    在讨论由于函数修改了列的内容,如何强制使用索引前,让我们首先看看为什么Oracle优化器在这种情况下不能使用索引。假定我们要搜寻包含了大小写混合的数据,如ADDRESS表的NAME列。因为数据是用户输入的,我们无法使用已经统一改为大写的数据。为了找到每一个名为john的地址,我们使用包含了UPPER子句的查询语句。如下所示:


SQL> select address from address where upper(name) like 'JOHN';
 

在运行这个查询语句前,如果我们运行了命令"set autotrace on", 将会得到下列结果,其中包含了执行过程:


ADDRESS
    cleveland
    1 row selected.
    Execution Plan
    SELECT STATEMENT
    TABLE ACCESS FULL ADDRESS
 

    可以看到,在这种情况下,Oracle优化器对ADDRESS 表作了一次完整的扫描,而没有使用NAME 列的索引。这是因为索引是根据列中数据的实际值建立的,而UPPER 函数已经将字符转换成大写,即修改了这些值,因此该查询不能使用这列的索引。优化器不能与索引项比较"JOHN",没有索引项对应于"JOHN"-只有"john" 。

    值得庆幸的是,如果在这种情况下想要强制使用索引,有一种简便的方法:只要在WHERE 子句中增加一个或多个特定的条件,用于测试索引值,并减少需要扫描的行,但这并没有修改原来SQL 编码中的条件。以下列查询语句为例:


SQL> select address from address where upper(name) like 'JO%' AND (name
  like 'J%' or name like 'j%');
 

使用这种查询语句(已设置AUTOTRACE),可得到下列结果:


ADDRESS
    cleveland
    1 row selected.
    Execution Plan
    SELECT STATEMENT
        CONCATENATION
            TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID ADDRESS
                INDEX RANGE SCAN ADDRESS_I
            TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID ADDRESS
                INDEX RANGE SCAN ADDRESS_I
 

    现在,优化器为WHERE 子句中AND 联结的两个语句中每一个语句确定的范围进行扫描----第二个语句没有引用函数,因而使用了索引。在两个范围扫描后,将运行结果合并。

在这个例子中,如果数据库有成百上千行,可以用下列方法扩充WHERE 子句,进一步缩小扫描范围:


select address from address where
    upper(name) like 'JOHN' AND (name like 'JO%'
  or name like 'jo%' or name like 'Jo' or name like 'jO' );
 

 

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Oracle中建立索引并强制优化器使用

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