Home Database Mysql Tutorial SQL Server 2008数据库的一些基本概念

SQL Server 2008数据库的一些基本概念

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:08 PM
server sql basic concept database

以前总是没弄明白这些 基本 概念 ,现在整理如下: 1.区: 区是SQL Server 中管理空间的 基本 单位。 一个区是八个物理上连续的页(即 64 KB),所有页都存储在区中, 这意味着 SQL Server 数据库 中每 MB 有 16 个区。 一旦一个区段已满, 下一条数据Sql server

以前总是没弄明白这些基本概念,现在整理如下:

 

1.区:

区是SQL Server 中管理空间的基本单位。

一个区是八个物理上连续的页(即 64 KB),所有页都存储在区中, 这意味着 SQL Server 数据库中每 MB 有 16 个区。
一旦一个区段已满, 下一条数据Sql server将分配一个区段空间, 防止每次添加都要分配空间.

 

2.页(Page):

页是SQL Server 中数据存储的基本单位, 它是区段的分配单元, 一页8K, 它下面就是数据行了, 但每页的行数不定, 这取决于数据行的大小.

 

数据库中的数据文件(.mdf 或 .ndf)分配的磁盘空间可以从逻辑上划分成页(从 0 到 n 连续编号)。磁盘 I/O 操作在页级执行。也就是说,SQL Server 每次读取或写入数据的最少数据单位是数据页。

每页的开头是 96 字节的标头,用于存储有关页的系统信息。此信息包括页码、页类型、页的可用空间以及拥有该页的对象的分配单元 ID。

在 SQL Server 中,页的大小为 8 KB。这意味着 SQL Server 数据库中每 MB 有 128 页。依次类推。根据数据库的文件大小,我们可以算出数据库有多少数据页。 

 

3.页的类型: 数据页, 索引页, Blob页等等.

 

4.行: 因为行存于页中,因此, 一行的大小通常最多8K(8060字符, 一页的上限), 一行最大列数为1024列(字段).
如果是varchar(max), text, image时, 可以跨越多页, 一行最大2GB, 此时, 原始的行用来存放指针及其它列.

 

5.全文目录: 虽然和sql server在一起, 但实际上该目录是独立存放在磁盘上的.

6.索引: 是与表或视图关联的磁盘上的结构,可以加快从表或视图中检索行的速度。

它包含由表或视图中的一列或多列生成的键。这些键存储在一个结构(B 树)中,使 SQL Server 可以快速有效地查找与键值关联的行。

 

7.索引的类型:聚集, 非聚集.

另外还有唯一索引, 唯一索引确保索引键不包含重复的值,因此,表或视图中的每一行在某种程度上是唯一的。

聚集索引和非聚集索引都可以是唯一索引。

 

8.聚集索引: 根据数据行的键值在表或视图中排序和存储这些数据行。

每个表只能有一个聚集索引,因为数据行本身只能按一个顺序排序。

只有当表包含聚集索引时,表中的数据行才按排序顺序存储。如果表具有聚集索引,则该表称为聚集表。

如果表没有聚集索引,则其数据行存储在一个称为堆的无序结构中。

即聚集表是有聚集索引的表,堆是没有聚集索引的表。

索引视图与聚集表具有相同的存储结构。

聚集索引的叶节点就是实际的数据页。

聚集索引的平均大小大约为表大小的5%左右。

 

 

9.非聚集索引:这段msdn写的云里雾里的,就不抄了。

每个表最多可以有249个非聚集索引.

 

10.索引的维护:每当修改了表数据后,都会自动维护表或视图的索引。

 

11.索引和约束: 对表列定义了 PRIMARY KEY 约束和 UNIQUE 约束时,会自动创建索引。

例如,如果创建了表并将一个特定列标识为主键,则 数据库引擎自动对该列创建 PRIMARY KEY 约束和索引。

 

12.分区表 

还没搞明白, 也没实际用过.

 

13.回家研究一下B 树, 还没太明白索引的原理.

 

参考帖子:

SQL Server 索引基础知识(1)--- 记录数据的基本格式 .
http://blog.csdn.net/ghj1976/article/details/2010366

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