Home > Database > Mysql Tutorial > body text

V4L2应用程序框架

WBOY
Release: 2016-06-07 15:13:36
Original
1204 people have browsed it

V4L2较V4L有较大的改动,并已成为2.6的标准接口,函盖video\dvb\FM...,多数驱动都在向V4l2迁移。更好地了解V4L2先从应用入手,然后再深入到内核中结合物理设备/接口的规范实现相应的驱动。本文先就V4L2在视频捕捉或camera方面的应用框架。 V4L2采用流水线的

V4L2较V4L有较大的改动,并已成为2.6的标准接口,函盖video\dvb\FM...,多数驱动都在向V4l2迁移。更好地了解V4L2先从应 用入手,然后再深入到内核中结合物理设备/接口的规范实现相应的驱动。本文先就V4L2在视频捕捉或camera方面的应用框架。<br><br>V4L2采用流水线的方式,操作更简单直观,基本遵循打开视频设备、设置格式、处理数据、关闭设备,更多的具体操作通过ioctl函数来实现。<br><br>

1.打开视频设备

在V4L2中,视频设备被看做一个文件。使用open函数打开这个设备:

<span>// 用非阻塞模式打开摄像头设备<br></span><span>int </span><span>cameraFd</span>;<br><span>cameraFd </span>= <span>open</span>(<span>"/dev/video0"</span>, <span>O_RDWR </span>| <span>O_NONBLOCK</span>, 0);<br><span>// 如果用阻塞模式打开摄像头设备,上述代码变为:<br>//cameraFd = open("/dev/video0", O_RDWR, 0);</span>
Copy after login

应用程序能够使用阻塞模式或非阻塞模式打开视频设备,如果使用非阻塞模式调用视频设备,即使尚未捕获到信息,驱动依旧会把缓存(DQBUFF)里的东西返回给应用程序。

<br>

2. 设定属性及采集方式

打开视频设备后,可以设置该视频设备的属性,例如裁剪、缩放等。这一步是可选的。在Linux编程中,一般使用ioctl函数来对设备的I/O通道进行管理:

<span> int </span><span>ioctl </span>(<span>int </span><span>__fd</span>, <span>unsigned long int </span><span>__request</span>, .../*args*/) ;
Copy after login
在进行V4L2开发中,常用的命令标志符如下(some are optional): <br>
  • VIDIOC_REQBUFS:分配内存
  • VIDIOC_QUERYBUF:把VIDIOC_REQBUFS中分配的数据缓存转换成物理地址
  • VIDIOC_QUERYCAP:查询驱动功能
  • VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT:获取当前驱动支持的视频格式
  • VIDIOC_S_FMT:设置当前驱动的频捕获格式
  • VIDIOC_G_FMT:读取当前驱动的频捕获格式
  • VIDIOC_TRY_FMT:验证当前驱动的显示格式
  • VIDIOC_CROPCAP:查询驱动的修剪能力
  • VIDIOC_S_CROP:设置视频信号的边框
  • VIDIOC_G_CROP:读取视频信号的边框
  • VIDIOC_QBUF:把数据从缓存中读取出来
  • VIDIOC_DQBUF:把数据放回缓存队列
  • VIDIOC_STREAMON:开始视频显示函数
  • VIDIOC_STREAMOFF:结束视频显示函数
  • VIDIOC_QUERYSTD:检查当前视频设备支持的标准,例如PAL或NTSC。

2.1检查当前视频设备支持的标准

在亚洲,一般使用PAL(720X576)制式的摄像头,而欧洲一般使用NTSC(720X480),使用VIDIOC_QUERYSTD来检测:

<span>v4l2_std_id std</span>;<br><span>do </span>{<br>  <span>ret </span>= <span>ioctl</span>(<span>fd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_QUERYSTD</span>, &<span>std</span>);<br>} <span>while </span>(<span>ret </span>== -1 && <span>errno </span>== <span>EAGAIN</span>);<br><span>switch </span>(<span>std</span>) {<br>    <span>case </span><span>V4L2_STD_NTSC</span>:<br>        <span>//……<br>    </span><span>case </span><span>V4L2_STD_PAL</span>:<br>        <span>//……<br></span>}<br><br>
Copy after login

2.2 设置视频捕获格式

当检测完视频设备支持的标准后,还需要设定视频捕获格式,结构如下:

struct v4l2_format fmt;<br>
<span>memset </span>( &<span>fmt</span>, 0, <span>sizeof</span>(<span>fmt</span>) );<br><span>fmt</span>.<span>type                </span>= <span>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE</span>;<br><span>fmt</span>.<span>fmt</span>.<span>pix</span>.<span>width       </span>= <span>720</span>;<br><span>fmt</span>.<span>fmt</span>.<span>pix</span>.<span>height      </span>= <span>576</span>;<br><span>fmt</span>.<span>fmt</span>.<span>pix</span>.<span>pixelformat </span>= <span>V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV</span>;<br><span>fmt</span>.<span>fmt</span>.<span>pix</span>.<span>field       </span>= <span>V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED</span>;<br><span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>fd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_S_FMT</span>, &<span>fmt</span>) == -1) {<br>  <span>return </span>-1;<br>}<br><br>v4l2_format结构如下:<br><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_format<br></span>{<br>    <span>enum </span><span>v4l2_buf_type type</span>;    <span>// 数据流类型,必须永远是V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE </span><br>    <span>union<br>    </span>{<br>        <span>struct </span><span>v4l2_pix_format    pix</span>;  <span><br>        </span><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_window        win</span>;  <span><br>        </span><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_vbi_format    vbi</span>;  <span><br>        </span><span>__u8    raw_data</span>[200];          <span><br>    </span>} <span>fmt</span>;<br>};<br><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_pix_format<br></span>{<br>    <span>__u32                   width</span>;         <span>// 宽,必须是16的倍数</span><br>    <span>__u32                   height</span>;        <span>// 高,必须是16的倍数</span><br>    <span>__u32                   pixelformat</span>;   <span>// 视频数据存储类型,例如是YUV4:2:2还是RGB</span><br>    <span>enum </span><span>v4l2_field         field</span>;<br>    <span>__u32                   bytesperline</span>;    <span><br>    </span><span>__u32                   sizeimage</span>;<br>    <span>enum </span><span>v4l2_colorspace    colorspace</span>;<br>    <span>__u32                   priv</span>;       <span><br></span>};<br>
Copy after login
<font>2.3 分配内存</font>
Copy after login

接下来可以为视频捕获分配内存:

<span>struct </span><span>v4l2_requestbuffers  req</span>;<br><span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>fd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_REQBUFS</span>, &<span>req</span>) == -1) {<br>  <span>return </span>-1;<br>}<br><br>v4l2_requestbuffers 结构如下:<br><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_requestbuffers<br></span>{<br>    <span>__u32               count</span>;  <span>// 缓存数量,也就是说在缓存队列里保持多少张照片</span><br>    <span>enum </span><span>v4l2_buf_type  type</span>;   <span>// 数据流类型,必须永远是V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE </span><br>    <span>enum </span><span>v4l2_memory    memory</span>; <span>// V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP 或 V4L2_MEMORY_USERPTR</span><br>    <span>__u32               reserved</span>[2];<br>};<br>
Copy after login

2.4 获取并记录缓存的物理空间

使用VIDIOC_REQBUFS,我们获取了req.count个缓存,下一步通过调用VIDIOC_QUERYBUF命令来获取这些缓存的地址,然后使用mmap函数转换成应用程序中的绝对地址,最后把这段缓存放入缓存队列:

V4L2应用程序框架

<span>typedef struct </span><span>VideoBuffer </span>{<br>    <span>void   </span>*<span>start</span>;<br>    <span>size_t  length</span>;<br>} <span>VideoBuffer</span>;<br><br><span>VideoBuffer</span>*          <span>buffers </span>= <span>calloc</span>( <span>req</span>.<span>count</span>, <span>sizeof</span>(*<span>buffers</span>) );<br><span>struct </span><span>v4l2_buffer    buf</span>;<br><br><span>for </span>(<span>numBufs </span>= 0; <span>numBufs </span>req.<span>count</span>; <span>numBufs</span>++) {<br>    <span>memset</span>( &<span>buf</span>, 0, <span>sizeof</span>(<span>buf</span>) );<br>    <span>buf</span>.<span>type </span>= <span>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE</span>;<br>    <span>buf</span>.<span>memory </span>= <span>V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP</span>;<br>    <span>buf</span>.<span>index </span>= <span>numBufs</span>;<br>    <span>// 读取缓存</span><br>    <span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>fd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_QUERYBUF</span>, &<span>buf</span>) == -1) {<br>        <span>return </span>-1;<br>    }<br><br>    <span>buffers</span>[<span>numBufs</span>].<span>length </span>= <span>buf</span>.<span>length</span>;<br><span>    // 转换成相对地址</span><br>    <span>buffers</span>[<span>numBufs</span>].<span>start </span>= <span>mmap</span>(<span>NULL</span>, <span>buf</span>.<span>length</span>, <span>PROT_READ </span>| <span>PROT_WRITE</span>,<br>        <span>MAP_SHARED</span>,<span>fd</span>, <span>buf</span>.<span>m</span>.<span>offset</span>);<br><br>    <span>if </span>(<span>buffers</span>[<span>numBufs</span>].<span>start </span>== <span>MAP_FAILED</span>) {<br>        <span>return </span>-1;<br>    }<br><br>    <span>// 放入缓存队列</span><br>    <span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>fd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_QBUF</span>, &<span>buf</span>) == -1) {<br>        <span>return </span>-1;<br>    }<br>}<br><br>
Copy after login

2.5 视频采集方式

操作系统一般把系统使用的内存划分成用户空间和内核空间,分别由应用程序管理和操作系统管理。应用程序可以直接访问内存的地址,而内核空间存放的是 供内核访问的代码和数据,用户不能直接访问。v4l2捕获的数据,最初是存放在内核空间的,这意味着用户不能直接访问该段内存,必须通过某些手段来转换地 址。

一共有三种视频采集方式:使用read、write方式;内存映射方式和用户指针模式。

read、write方式,在用户空间和内核空间不断拷贝数据,占用了大量用户内存空间,效率不高。

内存映射方式:把设备里的内存映射到应用程序中的内存控件,直接处理设备内存,这是一种有效的方式。上面的mmap函数就是使用这种方式。

用户指针模式:内存片段由应用程序自己分配。这点需要在v4l2_requestbuffers里将memory字段设置成V4L2_MEMORY_USERPTR。

2.6 处理采集数据

V4L2有一个数据缓存,存放req.count数量的缓存数据。数据缓存采用FIFO的方式,当应用程序调用缓存数据时,缓存队列将最先采集到的视频数 据缓存送出,并重新采集一张视频数据。这个过程需要用到两个ioctl命令,VIDIOC_DQBUF和VIDIOC_QBUF:<br><br>
<span>struct </span><span>v4l2_buffer buf</span>;<br><span>memset</span>(&<span>buf</span>,0,<span>sizeof</span>(<span>buf</span>));<br><span>buf</span>.<span>type</span>=<span>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE</span>;<br><span>buf</span>.<span>memory</span>=<span>V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP</span>;<br><span>buf</span>.<span>index</span>=0;<br><br><span>//读取缓存</span><br><span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>cameraFd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_DQBUF</span>, &<span>buf</span>) == -1)<br>{<br>    <span>return </span>-1;<br>}<br><span>//…………视频处理算法</span><br><span>//重新放入缓存队列<br></span><span>if </span>(<span>ioctl</span>(<span>cameraFd</span>, <span>VIDIOC_QBUF</span>, &<span>buf</span>) == -1) {<br><br>    <span>return </span>-1;<br>}<br>
Copy after login
<br>
Copy after login

3. 关闭视频设备

使用close函数关闭一个视频设备

<span>close</span>(<span>cameraFd</span>)
Copy after login

如果使用mmap,最后还需要使用munmap方法。

====EOF===============
Related labels:
source:php.cn
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Popular Tutorials
More>
Latest Downloads
More>
Web Effects
Website Source Code
Website Materials
Front End Template