oracle中PCTFREE, PCTUSED, INITRANS, MAXTRANX参数
1. PCTFREE 要形容一个 BLOCK 的运作,我们可以把一个 BLOCK 想成一个水杯。侍者把水倒入放在我们面前的水杯,要多满呢,我们要求他倒 9 分满好了,这时候 PCTFREE 代表着设定为 10 ,意思就是说,当 BLOCK 使用到达 90% 的时候,就不可以在使用了,这个 BLO
1. PCTFREE
要形容一个 BLOCK 的运作,我们可以把一个 BLOCK 想成一个水杯。侍者把水倒入放在我们面前的水杯,要多满呢,我们要求他倒 9 分满好了,这时候 PCTFREE 代表着设定为 10 ,意思就是说,当 BLOCK 使用到达 90% 的时候,就不可以在使用了,这个 BLOCK 应该从 FREELIST 列表中移除 (un-link) 。为何要保留 10% 的空间呢?这是为了提供 update 数据时所可能增加的空间使用,如果空间保留的太小,就容易发生 row chaining 。
2. PCTUSED
PCTUSED 代表着这杯水什么时候可以添加,假设 PCTUSED 为 40 ,代表当我们把水杯的水喝到剩下 40% 以下时,侍者就会知道需要加水了。你想想看,如果说在餐厅里妳每喝一口水侍者就来加水,你会不会觉得很烦,对餐厅来说,也要派很多人不断帮每桌客人加水,这生意还能做吗?所以说, PCTUSED 代表着 re-link 回 FREELIST 的意义,如果说 PCTUSED 设的太大,例如 70 好了,代表这杯水你随便喝一口侍者就要来加水了,这隐含的意义是,这个杯子的利用率增加,但是侍者频繁的服务造成了负荷 (I/O Overhead) 。 PCTUSED 设小一点,例如 10 ,代表当水喝到剩下 10% 的时候 ( 如同 DELETE 事务操作 ) ,才须要放回 FREELIST ,代表可以加水了 ( 如同 INSERT 事务操作 ) 。
简单的说,如果希望储存空间发挥最大使用效益,可以把PCTUSED设大一点,相反的,如果想要提高IO效能,应该把PCTUSED设定小一点。
FREELIST 储存着可使用的 BLOCK 信息,当 BLOCK 被 DELETE 数据使用量下降到 PCTUSED 时,就会重新放置到 FREELIST 上,让其它交易新增数据使用。 FREELIST 存放在 TABLE/INDEX 的 Segment Header 中,他管理着所有可以新增数据的 BLOCK 信息。想想,如果有多人同时要新增数据而要求 FREELIST 提供可使用的 BLOCK 信息, FREELIST 不就也会成为另一个 Overhead ?所以依照 TABLE 使用的需求调整 FREELIST 的数量也是 IO Tuning 的一个重点。
这个参数在ASSM中已经没有用了,只剩下PCTFREE是生效的了。
3. INITRANS
INITRANS 指的是一个 BLOCK 上初始预分配给并行交易控制的空间 (ITLs)
( 当 BLOCK 上某笔 ROW 被交易更新锁定时,会在 BLOCK header ITL allocate 一个锁,当下一个交易要更新同一笔 row 时,就会发现他已经被先前的交易持有锁了,会先去检查该交易是否 active? 如果是,后来的该笔交易就会被 blocking ,等待 ) 如果一个表格需要同时有大量交易存取,你应该设定 INITRANS 大一点,可以减少 ITL 还要动态扩充的 Overhead 。
For tables INITRANS defaults to 1 for indexes 2
4. MAXTRANS
MAXTRANS 指的是如果 INITRANS 空间不够用了,就会自动扩展 ITL ,直到最大值也就是 MAXTRANS 值为止,预设是 255 。但是,如果 BLOCK 空间已经不足,也有可能无法持续扩充到 255 个 ITS 空间喔。


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