重建索引提高SQL Server性能
大多数SQL Server表需要 索引 来 提高 数据的访问速度,如果没有 索引 ,SQL Server 要进行表格扫描读取表中的每一个记录才能找到索要的数据。 索引 可以分为簇 索引 和非簇 索引 ,簇 索引 通过重排表中的数据来 提高 数据的访问速度,而非簇 索引 则通过维
大多数SQL Server表需要索引来提高数据的访问速度,如果没有索引,SQL Server 要进行表格扫描读取表中的每一个记录才能找到索要的数据。索引可以分为簇索引和非簇索引,簇索引通过重排表中的数据来提高数据的访问速度,而非簇索引则通过维护表中的数据指针来提高数据的索引。
1. 索引的体系结构
为什么要不断的维护表的索引?首先,简单介绍一下索引的体系结构。SQL Server在硬盘中用8KB页面在数据库文件内存放数据。缺省情况下这些页面及其包含的数据是无组织的。为了使混乱变为有序,就要生成索引。生成索引后,就有了索引页和数据页,数据页保存用户写入的数据信息。索引页存放用于检索列的数据值清单(关键字)和索引表中该值所在纪录的地址指针。索引分为簇索引和非簇索引,簇索引实质上是将表中的数据排序,就好像是字典的索引目录。非簇索引不对数据排序,它只保存了数据的指针地址。向一个带簇索引的表中插入数据,当数据页达到100%时,由于页面没有空间插入新的的纪录,这时就会发生分页,SQL Server 将大约一半的数据从满页中移到空页中,从而生成两个半的满页。这样就有大量的数据空间。簇索引是双向链表,在每一页的头部保存了前一页、后一页地址以及分页后数据移动的地址,由于新页可能在数据库文件中的任何地方,因此页面的链接不一定指向磁盘的下一个物理页,链接可能指向了另一个区域,这就形成了分块,从而减慢了系统的速度。对于带簇索引和非簇索引的表来说,非簇索引的关键字是指向簇索引的,而不是指向数据页的本身。
为了克服数据分块带来的负面影响,需要重构表的索引,这是非常费时的,因此只能在需要时进行。可以通过DBCC SHOWCONTIG来确定是否需要重构表的索引。
2. DBCC SHOWCONTIG用法
下面举例来说明DBCC SHOWCONTIG和DBCC REDBINDEX的使用方法。以应用程序中的Employee数据表作为例子,在 SQL Server的Query analyzer输入命令:
use database_name
declare @table_id int
set @table_id=object_id('Employee')
dbcc showcontig(@table_id)
输出结果:
DBCC SHOWCONTIG scanning 'Employee' table...
Table: 'Employee' (1195151303); index ID: 1, database ID: 53
TABLE level scan performed.
- Pages Scanned................................: 179
- Extents Scanned..............................: 24
- Extent Switches..............................: 24
- Avg. Pages per Extent........................: 7.5
- Scan Density [Best Count:Actual Count].......: 92.00% [23:25]
- Logical Scan Fragmentation ..................: 0.56%
- Extent Scan Fragmentation ...................: 12.50%
- Avg. Bytes Free per Page.....................: 552.3
- Avg. Page Density (full).....................: 93.18%
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.
通过分析这些结果可以知道该表的索引是否需要重构。如下描述了每一行的意义:
信息 描述
Pages Scanned 表或索引中的长页数
Extents Scanned 表或索引中的长区页数
Extent Switches DBCC遍历页时从一个区域到另一个区域的次数
Avg. Pages per Extent 相关区域中的页数
Scan Density[Best Count:Actual Count]
Best Count是连续链接时的理想区域改变数,Actual Count是实际区域改变数,Scan Density为100%表示没有分块。
Logical Scan Fragmentation 扫描索引页中失序页的百分比
Extent Scan Fragmentation 不实际相邻和包含链路中所有链接页的区域数
Avg. Bytes Free per Page 扫描页面中平均自由字节数
Avg. Page Density (full) 平均页密度,表示页有多满
从上面命令的执行结果可以看的出来,Best count为23 而Actual Count为25这表明orders表有分块需要重构表索引。下面通过DBCC DBREINDEX来重构表的簇索引。
3. DBCC DBREINDEX 用法
重建指定数据库中表的一个或多个索引。
语法
DBCC DBREINDEX
( [ 'database.owner.table_name'
[ , index_name
[ , fillfactor ]
]
]
)
参数
'database.owner.table_name'
是要重建其指定的索引的表名。数据库、所有者和表名必须符合标识符的规则。有关更多信息,请参见使用标识符。如果提供 database 或 owner 部分,则必须使用单引号 (') 将整个 database.owner.table_name 括起来。如果只指定 table_name,则不需要单引号。
index_name
是要重建的索引名。索引名必须符合标识符的规则。如果未指定 index_name 或指定为 ' ',就要对表的所有索引进行重建。
fillfactor
是创建索引时每个索引页上要用于存储数据的空间百分比。fillfactor 替换起始填充因子以作为索引或任何其它重建的非聚集索引(因为已重建聚集索引)的新默认值。如果 fillfactor 为 0,DBCC DBREINDEX 在创建索引时将使用指定的起始 fillfactor。
同样在Query Analyzer中输入命令:
dbcc dbreindex('database_name.dbo.Employee','',90)
然后再用DBCC SHOWCONTIG查看重构索引后的结果:
DBCC SHOWCONTIG scanning 'Employee' table...
Table: 'Employee' (1195151303); index ID: 1, database ID: 53
TABLE level scan performed.
- Pages Scanned................................: 178
- Extents Scanned..............................: 23
- Extent Switches..............................: 22
- Avg. Pages per Extent........................: 7.7
- Scan Density [Best Count:Actual Count].......: 100.00% [23:23]
- Logical Scan Fragmentation ..................: 0.00%
- Extent Scan Fragmentation ...................: 0.00%
- Avg. Bytes Free per Page.....................: 509.5
- Avg. Page Density (full).....................: 93.70%
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.
通过结果我们可以看到Scan Denity为100%。
原文链接:《如何提高SQL SERVER的性能》
http://www.csdn.com.cn/database/1142.htm
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