Home Database Mysql Tutorial "云"时代NoSQL当道 关系数据库日薄西山

"云"时代NoSQL当道 关系数据库日薄西山

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:16 PM
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欢迎进入Oracle社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 笔者参加了在加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉市举行的2010年Cloud Connect大会,这是今年最早举行的云计算重大会议之一。到目前为止,会议一个较大的议题是“不使用关系型数据库来保持数据的持久性”。这被称

欢迎进入Oracle社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入

  笔者参加了在加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉市举行的2010年Cloud Connect大会,这是今年最早举行的云计算重大会议之一。到目前为止,会议一个较大的议题是“不使用关系型数据库来保持数据的持久性”。这被称为 “NoSQL”运动,其宗旨是使用其他形式的数据库,更有效地处理大规模的数据。而关于围绕云计算出现的“大规模数据”,我已经写过一些文章,但是这一运动更为重要,它将推动数据回归到以更简单、但却可能更有效的模型进行物理存储的方式。51CTO数据库频道之前曾报道过《Digg投奔NoSQL 关系数据库行将就木》,也从一个侧面反映了NoSQL的发展。

  NoSQL系统在运行时一般会把数据存放在内存中,或者是并行地从许多磁盘上读取数据。其中就有一个问题,“传统”的关系数据库不提供这种模式,因此也没法提供同样的性能。在过去那种数据库中,如果只有几个GB数据,这一问题还不是很明显,但是许多云计算的数据库已经超过了1TB,还会有更多的大规模数据库会被用来支撑不断发展的云计算系统。在关系型数据库上对大规模数据进行操作是兵家大忌,因为在处理数据时SQL请求会占用大量的CPU周期,并且会导致大量的磁盘读写。

  如果你觉得以前好像在哪里听过这种说法,那么我告诉你其实你是对的。早在上世纪90年代,对象数据库和XML数据库就取得过一些进展,尽管那时许多非关系型数据库确实能提供更好的性能,但很多企业却守住了关系型数据库的江山,如Oracle、Sybase和Informix。然而,由于从关系型数据库上迁移出去的花费和风险太高,而且数据的规模也相对较小,使得关系型数据库几乎一统天下。

  不过,云计算改变了一切。在云计算中需要对大量的数据进行处理,这一需求导致新的数据库处理方法运用在了旧模型上。MapReduce是Hadoop处理数据的基本方法,它是基于几年前的“无共享”(share-nothing)数据库处理模型,但现在我们有了实现它的处理能力、磁盘空间以及带宽。

  我估计云计算的发展将会减少对关系型数据库的使用。这并非新鲜事物,但这回我们却实实在在需要改变了。

  NoSQL,意即反SQL运动,是一项全新的数据库革命性运动,早期就有人提出,发展至2009年趋势越发高涨。NoSQL的拥护者们提倡运用非关系型的数据存储,相对于目前铺天盖地的关系型数据库运用,这一概念无疑是一种全新的思维的注入。

  现今的计算机体系结构在数据存储方面要求具备庞大的水平扩展性,而NoSQL致力于改变这一现状。目前Google的 BigTable 和Amazon 的Dynamo使用的就是NoSQL型数据库。

  NoSQL项目的名字上看不出什么相同之处,但是,它们通常在某些方面相同:它们可以处理超大量的数据。

  这场革命目前仍然需要等待。的确,NoSQL对大型企业来说还不是主流,但是,一两年之后很可能就会变个样子。在NoSQL运动的最新一次聚会中,来自世界各地的150人挤满了CBS Interactive的一间会议室。分享他们如何推翻缓慢而昂贵的关系数据库的暴政,怎样使用更有效和更便宜的方法来管理数据。

  “关系型数据库给你强加了太多东西。它们要你强行修改对象数据,以满足RDBMS (relational database management system,关系型数据库管理系统)的需要,”在NoSQL拥护者们看来,基于NoSQL的替代方案“只是给你所需要的”。

"云"时代NoSQL当道 关系数据库日薄西山

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