Home Database Mysql Tutorial The Dirichlet Distribution 狄利克雷分布 (PRML 2.2.1)

The Dirichlet Distribution 狄利克雷分布 (PRML 2.2.1)

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:21 PM
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The Dirichlet Distribution 狄利克雷分布 (PRML 2.2.1) Dirichlet分布可以看做是分布之上的分布。如何理解这句话,我们可以先举个例子:假设我们有一个骰子,其有六面,分别为{1,2,3,4,5,6}。现在我们做了10000次投掷的实验,得到的实验结果是六面分别出现

The Dirichlet Distribution 狄利克雷分布 (PRML 2.2.1)

Dirichlet分布可以看做是分布之上的分布。如何理解这句话,我们可以先举个例子:假设我们有一个骰子,其有六面,分别为{1,2,3,4,5,6}。现在我们做了10000次投掷的实验,得到的实验结果是六面分别出现了{2000,2000,2000,2000,1000,1000}次,如果用每一面出现的次数与试验总数的比值估计这个面出现的概率,则我们得到六面出现的概率,分别为{0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.1}。现在,我们还不满足,我们想要做10000次试验,每次试验中我们都投掷骰子10000次。我们想知道,出现这样的情况使得我们认为,骰子六面出现概率为{0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.1}的概率是多少(说不定下次试验统计得到的概率为{0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2}这样了)。这样我们就在思考骰子六面出现概率分布这样的分布之上的分布。而这样一个分布就是Dirichlet分布。

首先用上面这一段来点直观印象,然后列一些资料:

          维基里面对于狄利克雷分布貌似介绍的挺复杂,不够基础。我找到了一个CMU的PPT:Dirichlet Distribution, Dirichlet Process and Dirichlet Process Mixture,找到一篇华盛顿大学的《Introduction to the Dirichlet Distribution and Related Processes》介绍。

       发现CMU那个ppt里面讲到,Beta is the conjugate prior of Binomial,有一种原来如此的感觉。嗯,原来贝塔分布是二项分布的共轭先验分布,那么狄利克雷分布就是多项分布的共轭先验分布。所以要看狄利克雷分布,就要先了解多项分布,然后呢,想要了解狄利克雷之于多元的关系,就要先看贝塔分布和伯努利分布的关系。所以,二项分布、beta分布、以及共轭这三点是理解狄利克雷分布的关键基础知识,这个基础知识记录在这里(PRML2.1整小章介绍了这个)。

       下面正式进入狄利克雷分布介绍,首先说一下这个多项分布的参数μ。在伯努利分布里,参数μ就是抛硬币取某一面的概率,因为伯努利分布的状态空间只有{0,1}。但是在多项分布里,因为状态空间有K个取值,因此μ变成了向量μ=(μ1, , μk)T。多项分布的likelihood函数形式是k=1Kμmkk,因此就像选择伯努利分布的共轭先验贝塔函数时那样,狄利克雷分布的函数形式应该如下:

p(μ|α)k=1Kμαk?1k  式2.37

上式中,kμk=1α=(α1, , αk)T是狄利克雷分布的参数。最后把2.37归一化成为真正的狄利克雷分布:

Dir(μ|α)=Γ(α0)Γ(α1)Γ(αk)k=1Kμαk?1k

其中α0=k=1Kαk。这个函数跟贝塔分布有点像(取K=2时就是Beta分布)。跟多项分布也有点像。就像Beta分布那样,狄利克雷分布就是它所对应的后验多项分布的参数μ的分布,只不过μ是一个向量,下图是当μ=(μ1,μ2,μ3)时,即只有三个值时狄利克雷概率密度函数的例子。其中中间那个图的三角形表示一个平放的Simplex,三角形三个顶点分别表示μ=(1,0,0)μ=(0,1,0)μ=(0,0,1),因此三角形中间部分的任意一个点就是μ的一个取值,纵轴就是这个μ的Simplex上的概率密度值(PDF)。

The Dirichlet Distribution 狄利克雷分布 (PRML 2.2.1)

对于参数μ的估计时,可知 后验=似然*先验 的函数形式如下:

p(μ|D,α)(D|μ)p(μ|α)k=1Kμαk+mk?1k

从这个形式可以看出,后验也是狄利克雷分布。类似于贝塔分布归一化后验的方法,我们把这个后验归一化一下,得到:

p(μ|D,α)=Dir(μ|α+m)=Γ(α0+N)Γ(α1+m1)Γ(αK+mK)k=1Kμαk+mk?1k


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