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Oracle用户密码问题

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:21 PM
database

关于Oracle用户的密码很少去关注,一般都只在安装完数据库后将密码过期时间设置为永不过期,但是一次在开启autotrace时遇到了错误

关于Oracle用户的密码很少去关注,一般都只在安装完数据库后将密码过期时间设置为永不过期,但是一次在开启autotrace时遇到了错误,引起我对用户密码的关注。我们在工作中遇到的环境是千差万别的,你不可能知道下一个客户的环境是什么样子,不可能知道安装你所使用的库的DBA是按什么套路安装的数据库,这是实际工作的一个难点所在,当然也是乐趣所在。生产环境的千差万别也是催促我们学习的动力之一。下面介绍三点关于Oracle用户密码的注意点:

一、用户密码即将过期,导致autotrace无法打开

如果用户密码即将过期,在登录数据库时会收到如下提示:

ERROR:

ORA-28002: the password will expire within 7 days

当然,此时密码还未真正过期,用户在收到错误提示后依然可以登录数据库。但是,如果当收到密码即将过期的提示,想要开启autotrace就会有问题。

SQL> conn darren/darren

        SP2-0619: Error while connecting
       SP2-0611: Error enabling STATISTICS report

           既然出现了密码即将过期的提示,说明profile中的PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME参数肯定没有设置成unlimited,可以查看dba_profiles进行验证:
           

            如果生产环境没有对密码过期的特殊限制,可以把该参数修改为unlimitd:

  • ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED
  •             此时再尝试打开autotrace:

              还是同样的错误,说明在用户密码即将过期时,再修改profile是不会对密码即将过期的用户生效的。应该采用重设用户密码(密码可以与之前的密码一样)的方法。

             此时成功开启autotrace功能。
            再尝试另外一种情景,在用户登录后修改用户密码,但不重新登录,尝试开启autotrace。

            同样的错误又出现了。
           到此,我们得出一个结论,在开启autotrace功能的时候,数据库会再创建一个会话,,用新创建的会话来跟踪当前会话。所以,当用户密码即将过期时,开启autotrace功能时,创建新的会话时会因为返回ORA-2802而产生异常。

         二、11g新特性,密码延迟认证

            11g中,加入了用户密码延迟认证的特性,即用户如果在登录是输入了错误的密码,那么这个用户的登录验证会随着输入错误密码的次数的增加而增加,直到正确登录后重新计数。如下:

           可以看到,验证的时间越来越长,如果继续增加错误的登录次数,验证的时间还会继续加长。如果是多个会话同时不断的用错误的密码来连接数据库,那么将会导致该用户的登录HANG住。如果想关闭这个特性,可以设置如下事件:

  • 1’ SCOPE = SPFILE;
  •         三、sys用户是不受PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME参数限制的
            四、在用户密码过期后,用户的状态(dba_user.account_status)不会立即更新为expired,只有当用户尝试连接到数据库的时候,才会对用户状态进行更新
            五、用户密码相关的一些参数

                   PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME:
                   设定口令的有效时间(天数),一旦超过这一时间,必须重新设口令。缺省为180天(11g,10gUNLIMITED).
                   PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME:
                   许多系统不许用户重新启用过去用过的口令。该资源项设定了一个失效口令要经过多少天,用户才可以重新使用该口令。缺省为UNLIMITED.
                   PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX:
                   重新启用一个先前用过的口令前必须对该口令进行重新设置的次数(重复用的次数)。
                   PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME:
                   设定帐户被锁定的天数(当登录失败达到FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS时)。
                   PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME:
                   设定在口令失效前,给予的重新设该口令的宽限天。当口令失效之后回,在登录时会出现警告信息显示该天数。如果没有在宽限天内修改口令,口令将失效。
                   PASSWORD_VERITY_FUNCTION:
                   该资源项允许调用一个PL/SQL 来验证口令。Oracle公司已提供该应用 的脚本,但是只要愿意的话,用户可以制定自己的验证脚本。该参数的设定就是PL/SQL函数的名称。缺省为NULL.
                   FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS:
                   设定登录到Oracle 数据库时可以失败的次数。一旦某用户尝试登录数据库的达到该值时,该用户的帐户就被锁定,只能由DBA能解锁。

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