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ORACLE 视图(VIEW)

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Release: 2016-06-07 15:24:49
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说ORACLE视图之前,有这样的需求我们先来想一下。 有一张老师信息表,表中字段有:老师ID、姓名、婚姻状况、身份证号、代课科目;其中婚姻状况、身份证号教务处人可以查看,但对学生是禁止查看、保密的。此两种身份都用的同一张表,查看不同的结果怎么实现?

说ORACLE视图之前,有这样的需求我们先来想一下。

有一张老师信息表,表中字段有:老师ID、姓名、婚姻状况、身份证号、代课科目;其中婚姻状况、身份证号教务处人可以查看,但对学生是禁止查看、保密的。此两种身份都用的同一张表,查看不同的结果怎么实现? .........这就用到了视图,限制需要保密的字段信息被学生看到。

视图时基于真实表的一个展现。它只是一个逻辑概念,视图中的数据来源于基表(真实表),几乎不占用物理存储空间;视图和普通表一样,可以进行增删改操做;视图保证了数据库数据的安全性。当然还有方便快捷性(如较复杂的SQL条件查询可以定义到一个视图中,直接查询该视图) 。先来了解如何定义一个视图:

1、视图完整定义语法:

CREATE[OR REPLACE][FORCE][NOFORCE]VIEW view_name

[(column_name)[,….n]]
 
AS
 
Select_statement
 
[WITH CHECK OPTION[CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]                
 
[WITH READ ONLY]  

OR REPLACE  --如视图存在替换存在试图

FORCE][NOFORCE  --基表不存在FORCE强行创建; NOFORCE不创建(默认)

WITH CHECK OPTION[CONSTRAINT constraint_name]   --对视图DML操纵时,是否验证定义视图SQL的WHERE条件。

WITH READ ONLY  --定义只读视图

2、创建视图、以基表classes为例

SQL> SELECT * FROM classes;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902
                                      3 0903

为classes表创建默认视图classes_view语句

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE NOFORCE VIEW  classes_view
  2  AS
  3  SELECT * FROM classes
  4  ;
View created

创建视图成功;上面说到视图和普通表一样,可以进行增删改操作,以新增数据到视图为例说明(修改、删除同新增一样这里不一一列举)

SQL> insert into classes_view values(4,1111);
1 row inserted

SQL> commit;
Commit complete

SQL> SELECT * FROM classes_view;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902
                                      3 0903
                                      4 1111

同样基表中也存在该条新增数据。

SQL> SELECT * FROM classes;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902
                                      3 0903
                                      4 1111

为classes表创建带查询条件视图classes_view 

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE NOFORCE VIEW  classes_view
  2  AS
  3  SELECT * FROM classes WHERE cid
  4  ;
View created

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLASSES_VIEW;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902

--因为创建视图时带WHERE条件cid

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLASSES;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902
                                      3 0903
                                      4 1111

在CLASSES_VIEW视图新增一条cid为5的信息

SQL> INSERT INTO CLASSES_VIEW VALUES(5,'2222');
1 row inserted

SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete

--视图上添加数据成功。查询视图显示结果:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CLASSES_VIEW;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902

???怎么没包含我们刚新添加的数据呢?新增数据上哪去了?我们上面说到,操作视图数据实际上操作的是基表,也就是数据保存到了基表CLASSES表中。那么为什么我们定义的视图中查不到了,回看我们视图定义语法:

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE NOFORCE VIEW  classes_view
  2  AS
  3  SELECT * FROM classes WHERE cid
  4  ;

是因为有WHERE条件限制的,带条件视图不显示没有满足条件的数据,所以也就看不到。那有人就要问了,既然视图只显示满足WHERE条件的信息,那么如何控制不满足视图WHERE条件的信息从视图中录入(insert,update)呢? 使用视图关键字:WITH CHECK OPTION ,下面讲解WITH CHECK OPTION如何控制非满足条件如何禁止从视图中录入

--为classes表创建带查询条件WITH CHECK OPTION视图classes_view

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE NOFORCE VIEW  classes_view
  2  AS
  3  SELECT * FROM classes WHERE cid
  4  WITH CHECK OPTION
  5  ;
View created

SQL> select * from classes_view;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902

创建视图成功,视图中只包含约束条件cid

SQL> INSERT INTO CLASSES_VIEW VALUES(5,2222);
INSERT INTO CLASSES_VIEW VALUES(5,2222)
ORA-01402: 视图 WITH CHECK OPTIDN where 子句违规

插入满足where条件数据就能插入成功,如下插入

SQL> INSERT INTO CLASSES_VIEW VALUES(0,'0001');
1 row inserted

SQL> commit;
Commit complete

SQL> select * from classes_view;
                                    CID CNAME
--------------------------------------- ----------
                                      0 0001
                                      1 0901
                                      2 0902

修改视图:ORACLE没有提供修改视图的操纵语句,如想修改视图使用replace关键字

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW  classes_view
AS
SELECT * FROM classes

View created

删除视图

SQL> DROP VIEW classes_view;
View dropped


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