浅谈硬盘接口
从整体的角度上,硬盘接口类型可分为IDE(ATA)、SATA、SCSI 、SAS和光纤通道五种,IDE和SATA接口硬盘多用于家用产品中,也有部分应用于服务器,SCSI接口的硬盘则主要应用于服务器市场,而光纤通道只在高端服务器上,价格昂贵。 IDE接口: IDE的英文全称为Inte
从整体的角度上,硬盘接口类型可分为IDE(ATA)、SATA、SCSI 、SAS和光纤通道五种,IDE和SATA接口硬盘多用于家用产品中,也有部分应用于服务器,SCSI接口的硬盘则主要应用于服务器市场,而光纤通道只在高端服务器上,价格昂贵。
IDE接口:

IDE的英文全称为“Integrated Drive Electronics”,可以译成“电子集成驱动器”, 常见的2.5英寸IDE硬盘接口它的本意是指把“硬盘控制器”与“盘体”集成在一起的硬盘驱动器。把盘体与控制器集成在一起的做法是为了减少了硬盘接口的电缆数目与长度,增加数据传输的可靠性。而对用户而言,硬盘安装起来也更为方便。
IDE代表着硬盘的一种类型,但在实际的应用中,人们也习惯用IDE来称呼最早出现IDE类型硬盘ATA-1,这种类型的接口随着接口技术的发展已经被淘汰了,而其后发展分支出更多类型的硬盘接口,比如ATA、Ultra ATA、DMA、Ultra DMA等接口都属于IDE硬盘。下面我们来看看IDE接口的优缺点:
IDE接口优点:该接口的硬盘价格低廉、兼容性强、性价比高。
IDE接口缺点:数据传输速度慢、线缆长度过短、连接设备少、不支持热插拔、不够完善的错误检验技术、接口速度的可升级性差。
SATA接口类型:

SATA全称是Serial Advanced Technology Attachment,是由Intel、IBM、Dell、APT、Maxtor和 Seagate公司共同提出的硬盘接口规范。2001年,Seagate宣布了Serial ATA 1.0标准,正式宣告了SATA规范的确立。
Serial ATA采用串行连接方式,串行ATA总线使用嵌入式时钟信号,具备了更强的纠错能力,与以往相比其最大的区别在于能对传输指令(不仅仅是数据)进行检查,如果发现错误会自动矫正,这在很大程度上提高了数据传输的可靠性。串行接口还具有结构简单、支持热插拔的优点。Serial ATA以连续串行的方式传送数据,一次只会传送1位数据。这样能减少SATA接口的针脚数目,使连接电缆数目变少,效率也会更高。实际上,Serial ATA 仅用四支针脚就能完成所有的工作,分别用于连接电缆、连接地线、发送数据和接收数据,同时这样的架构还能降低系统能耗和减小系统复杂性。
Serial ATA 1.0定义的数据传输率可达150MB/s,这比目前最新的并行ATA(即ATA/133)所能达到133MB/s的最高数据传输率还高,而在 Serial ATA 2.0的数据传输率将达到300MB/s,最终SATA将实现600MB/s的最高数据传输率。下面我们来看一下ATA硬盘接口优缺点
SCSI接口类型:

SCSI的英文全称为“Small Computer System Interface”(小型计算机系统接口),SCSI并不是专门为硬盘设计的接口,而是一种广泛应用于小型机上的高速数据传输技术。SCSI接口具有应用范围广、多任务、带宽大、CPU占用率低,以及热插拔等优点,主要应用于中、高端服务器和高档工作站中。
SCSI接口类型优点:传输速率高、读写性能好、可连接多个设备、可支持热插拔。
SAS接口类型:
SAS(Serial Attached SCSI)即串行连接SCSI,是新一代的SCSI技术,和现在流行的Serial ATA(SATA)硬盘相同,都是采用串行技术以获得更高的传输速度,并通过缩短连结线改善内部空间等。SAS是并行SCSI接口之后开发出的全新接口。

SAS的接口技术可以向下兼容SATA。具体来说,二者的兼容性主要体现在物理层和协议层的兼容。在物理层,SAS接口和SATA接口完全兼 容,SATA硬盘可以直接使用在SAS的环境中,从接口标准上而言,SATA是SAS的一个子标准,因此SAS控制器可以直接操控SATA硬盘,但是 SAS却不能直接使用在SATA的环境中,因为SATA控制器并不能对SAS硬盘进行控制;在协议层,SAS由3种类型协议组成,根据连接的不同设备使用 相应的协议进行数据传输。其中串行SCSI协议(SSP)用于传输SCSI命令;SCSI管理协议(SMP)用于对连接设备的维护和管理;SATA通道协议(STP)用于SAS和SATA之间数据的传输。因此在这3种协议的配合下,SAS可以和SATA以及部分SCSI设备无缝结合。
在系统中,每一个SAS端口可以最多可以连接16256个外部设备,它同时提供了3.5英寸和2.5英寸的接口,因此能够适合不同服务器环 境的需求。SAS依靠SAS扩展器来连接更多的设备,目前的扩展器以12端口居多。
和传统并行SCSI接口比较起来,SAS不仅在接口速度上得到显著提升(现在主流Ultra 320 SCSI速度为320MB/sec,而SAS刚起步速度就达到300MB/sec,未来会达到600MB/sec甚至更多),而且由于采用了串行线缆,不仅可以实现更长的连接距离,还能够提高抗干扰能力,并且这种细细的线缆还可以显著改善机箱内部的散热情况。下面我们来看一下优缺点:
SAS接口类型优点:传输速度快,可热插拔,更稳定。
光纤通道:
光纤通道的英文拼写是Fibre Channel,和SCIS接口一样光纤通道最初也不是为硬盘设计开发的接口技术,是专门为网络系统设计的,但随着存储系统对速度的需求,才逐渐应用到硬 盘系统中。光纤通道硬盘是为提高多硬盘存储系统的速度和灵活性才开发的,它的出现大大提高了多硬盘系统的通信速度。光纤通道的主要特性有:热插拔性、高速带宽、远程连接、连接设备数量大等。

光纤通道是为在像服务器这样的多硬盘系统环境而设计,能满足高端工作站、服务器、海量存储子网络、外设间通过集线器、交换机和点对点连接进行双向、串行数据通讯等系统对高数据传输率的要求。它的理论极限值为1.06GBps。不过现在有一些公司开始推出2.12Gbps 的产品,它支持下一代的光纤通道(即Fibre Channel II)。不过为了能得到更高的数据传输率,市面的光纤产品有时是使用多光纤通道来达到更高的带宽。下面我们来看一下优缺点:
光纤通道优点:最多可连接126个设备、低CPU占用率、支持热插拔、在主机系统运行时就可安装、通用性强、连接距离大。
光纤通道缺点:产品价格昂贵、组建复杂。
固态硬盘
固态硬盘(Solid State Disk)用固态电子存储芯片阵列而制成的硬盘。接口规范和定义、功能及使用方法上与普通硬盘的完全相同,在产品外形和尺寸上也完全与普通硬盘一致。普遍采用SATA-2接口及SATA-3接口,最大容量128GB,理论最高速度6Gb/s。 从2001年推出SATA 1.0到目前的SATA2.0和SATA3.0,已经让SATA成为目前机械硬盘的接口,当前也是主流固态硬盘的主要接口。就目前的使用率来说,SATA2.0用户仍然最多,这主要受到PC接口的影响,不过目前市场上的SATA3.0产品,大多都可以向下兼容2.0。虽然现阶段SATA接口的SSD以SATA 2.0为主流,SATA 3.0占比较低,但其每秒高达600MB的传输速率,注定将成为SSD未来接口趋势。在服务器环境中,我们常使用盘阵作为存储,接口基本上使用的是FC接口;硬盘嘛,SATA的有,SAS-NL的有,SAS的有,光纤接口硬盘的也有。交换设备基本都是光纤或千兆网(包括万兆)设备,服务器自然也配有光纤卡(HBA),从应用层认到的存储设备多为SCSI卷。

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