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根据应用恰当选择MOSFET的技巧

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:30 PM
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欢迎进入IT技术社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 鉴于MOSFET技术的成熟,为设计选择一款MOSFET表面上看是十分简单的事情。虽然工程师都熟谙MOSFET数据手册上的品质因数,但为了选择出合适的MOSFET,工程师必需利用自己的专业知识对各个具体应用的不

欢迎进入IT技术社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入

    鉴于MOSFET技术的成熟,为设计选择一款MOSFET表面上看是十分简单的事情。虽然工程师都熟谙MOSFET数据手册上的品质因数,但为了选择出合适的MOSFET,工程师必需利用自己的专业知识对各个具体应用的不同规格进行全面仔细的考虑。例如,对于服务器电源中的负载开关这类应用,由于 MOSFET基本上一直都是处于导通状态,故MOSFET的开关特性无关紧要,而导通阻抗(RDS(ON))却可能是这种应用的关键品质因数。然而,仍然有一些应用,比如开关电源,把MOSFET用作有源开关,因此工程师必须评估其它的MOSFET性能参数。下面让我们考虑一些应用及其MOSFET规格参数的优先顺序。

    MOSFET最常见的应用可能是电源中的开关元件,此外,它们对电源输出也大有裨益。服务器和通信设备等应用一般都配置有多个并行电源,以支持N+1 冗余与持续工作 (图 1)。各并行电源平均分担负载,确保系统即使在一个电源出现故障的情况下仍然能够继续工作。不过,这种架构还需要一种方法把并行电源的输出连接在一起,并保证某个电源的故障不会影响到其它的电源。在每个电源的输出端,有一个功率MOSFET可以让众电源分担负载,同时各电源又彼此隔离 。起这种作用的MOSFET 被称为"ORing"FET,因为它们本质上是以 "OR" 逻辑来连接多个电源的输出。

根据应用恰当选择MOSFET的技巧
图1:用于针对N+1冗余拓扑的并行电源控制的MOSFET。

 

    在ORing FET应用中,MOSFET的作用是开关器件,但是由于服务器类应用中电源不间断工作,这个开关实际上始终处于导通状态。其开关功能只发挥在启动和关断,以及电源出现故障之时 。

    相比从事以开关为核心应用的设计人员,ORing FET应用设计人员显然必需关注MOSFET的不同特性。以服务器为例,在正常工作期间,MOSFET只相当于一个导体。因此,ORing FET应用设计人员最关心的是最小传导损耗。

    低RDS(ON) 可把BOM及PCB尺寸降至最小

    一般而言,MOSFET 制造商采用RDS(ON) 参数来定义导通阻抗;对ORing FET应用来说,RDS(ON) 也是最重要的器件特性。数据手册定义RDS(ON) 与栅极 (或驱动) 电压 VGS 以及流经开关的电流有关,但对于充分的栅极驱动,RDS(ON) 是一个相对静态参数。例如,飞兆半导体 FDMS7650 的数据手册规定,对于10V 的栅极驱动,最大RDS(ON) 为0.99 mΩ。

    若设计人员试图开发尺寸最小、成本最低的电源,低导通阻抗更是加倍的重要。在电源设计中,每个电源常常需要多个ORing MOSFET并行工作,需要多个器件来把电流传送给负载。在许多情况下,设计人员必须并联MOSFET,以有效降低RDS(ON)。

    需谨记,在 DC 电路中,并联电阻性负载的等效阻抗小于每个负载单独的阻抗值。比如,两个并联的2Ω 电阻相当于一个1Ω的电阻 。因此,一般来说,一个低RDS(ON) 值的MOSFET,具备大额定电流,就可以让设计人员把电源中所用MOSFET的数目减至最少。

    除了RDS(ON)之外,在MOSFET的选择过程中还有几个MOSFET参数也对电源设计人员非常重要。许多情况下,设计人员应该密切关注数据手册上的安全工作区(SOA)曲线,该曲线同时描述了漏极电流和漏源电压的关系。基本上,SOA定义了MOSFET能够安全工作的电源电压和电流。在 ORing FET应用中,首要问题是:在"完全导通状态"下FET的电流传送能力。实际上无需SOA曲线也可以获得漏极电流值。再以FDMS7650为例,该器件的额定电流为36A,故非常适用于服务器应用中所采用的典型DC-DC电源。

    若设计是实现热插拔功能,SOA曲线也许更能发挥作用。在这种情况下,MOSFET需要部分导通工作。SOA曲线定义了不同脉冲期间的电流和电压限值。

    注意刚刚提到的额定电流,这也是值得考虑的热参数,因为始终导通的MOSFET很容易发热。另外,日渐升高的结温也会导致RDS(ON)的增加。 MOSFET数据手册规定了热阻抗参数,其定义为MOSFET封装的半导体结散热能力。RθJC的最简单的定义是结到管壳的热阻抗。细言之,在实际测量中其代表从器件结(对于一个垂直MOSFET,即裸片的上表面附近)到封装外表面的热阻抗,在数据手册中有描述。若采用PowerQFN封装,管壳定义为这个大漏极片的中心。因此,RθJC 定义了裸片与封装系统的热效应。RθJA 定义了从裸片表面到周围环境的热阻抗,而且一般通过一个脚注来标明与PCB设计的关系,包括镀铜的层数和厚度。

    总而言之,RθJC在电源设计团队的控制范围以外,因为它是由所采用的器件封装技术决定。先进的热性能增强型封装,比如飞兆半导体的Power 56,其RθJC 规格在1 和 2 oC/W之间,FDMS7650 的规格为 1.2 oC/W。设计团队可以通过PCB设计来改变 RθJA 。最终,一个稳健的热设计有助于提高系统可靠性, 延长系统平均无故障时间(MTBF)。

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根据应用恰当选择MOSFET的技巧

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