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mysql查询操作

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:34 PM
fr mysql select operate Inquire Record choose

1、选择所有的记录 select * from table_name; 其中*表示表中的所有字段。 2、查询不重复的记录 用关键字distinct select distinct 字段名 from 表名; 3、条件查询 用关键字where select * from 表名 where 条件; where后面的条件是一个字段的比较,可以使

1、选择所有的记录

   select * from table_name;

   其中*表示表中的所有字段。

 

2、查询不重复的记录

   用关键字distinct

   select distinct  字段名  from  表名;

  

3、条件查询

   用关键字where

   select * from 表名 where 条件;

   where后面的条件是一个字段的比较,可以使用=、>、=、

 

4、排序和限制

   用关键字order by  desc(降序), asc(升序),limit(排序结果显示一部分)

   order by后面可以跟多个不同的排序字段,并且每个排序字段可以有不同的排序顺序。

   例如:把emp表中的记录按照工资sal的高低顺序排序。

   select * from emp order by sal;  

   select * from emp order by sal,deptno desc;(sal升序,septno降序)

   先按第一个字段排序,当第一个字段相同时,按照第二个字段排序。

  

   select······limit offset_start, row_count;

   offset_start表示起始偏移量,默认值为0。 row_count表示显示的行数。

   例如:select * from emp order by sal limit 1,3;

   显示前3条记录,起始偏移量为1,从第二条记录开始显示。

   order  by 和limit 通常一起使用来控制记录的分页显示

  

5、聚合

   很多情况下,用户需要一些汇总操作,例如统计整个公司的人数或者每个部门的人数。

   语法:

   select 字段1,字段2.。。函数名 from 表名  where where_condition1  group by  字段11,字段12 with rollup  having  where_condition2; 

   函数名表示要做的聚合操作,就是聚合函数,常用的有sum(求和)、count(*)(记录数)、max(最大值)、min(最小值)。

   group by 关键字表示要进行分类聚合的字段、

   having 关键字表示对分类后的结果在进行条件的过滤。

   having和where的区别是having是对聚合后的结果进行条件的过滤,而where是在聚合前就对记录进行过滤,如果逻辑允许,我们可以用where先进行过滤,这样结果集变小了,将对聚合的效率大大的提高,最后在根据逻辑看是否用having进行再过滤。

select sum(sal), max(sal), min(sal) from emp;

 

6、表连接

   当需要同时显示多个表中的字段时,就可以用表连接来实现这样的功能。

   从大类上分,表连接分为内连接和外连接,它们之间的最主要的区别是内连接仅选出两张表中互相匹配的记录,而外连接会会选出其他不匹配的记录。我们最常用的是内连接。

   例如:查询出所有雇员的名字和所在的部门名称,因为雇员名称和部门分别放在表emp和表dept中,因此,需要使用表连接来进行查询。

   select ename, deptname from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

 (ename是表emp中的字段,deptname是dept表中的字段)

 

  外连接又分为左链接和右连接(关键字left join和 right join

   连接:包含所有的边表中的记录甚至是边表中没有和他匹配的记录。

   连接:包含所有的边表中的记录甚至是边表中没有和他匹配的记录。

   例如:select ename, deptname from emp left join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

         select ename, deptname from dept right join emp on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

         ename是表emp中的字段,deptname是dept表中的字段。 就是包含表emp中的所有记录。     以上两条语句等价。

 

7、字查询

   在某些情况下,当进行查询的时候,需要的条件是另外一个select语句的结果,这个时候,就要用到子查询。用于子查询的关键字主要包括in、not in、=、!=、exists、not exists等。

    

   select * from emp where deptno in (select deptno from dept);

   (表示的意思就是就表emp中的所有记录,除去dept表对应的部门不存在的删掉。)

 

 在某些情况下,子查询可以转化成表连接。例如,上面的语句可以写成:

   select emp.* from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

 

8、记录联合

   我们经常会碰到这样的应用,将两个表的数据按照一定的查询条件查询出来后,将结果合并到一起显示出来。这个时候,就需要用到union和 union all关键字来实现这样的功能。union和union all的区别:union all 是把结果集合并在一起,而union是将union all后的结果进行一次distict,去除重复记录。

   select * from table1  union| union all select * from table2;

   例如:

   ① select deptno from emp  union all select deptno from dept;

   ② select deptno from emp  union select deptno from dept;

   ①中的记录将会有重复记录,②中没有重复记录。

 

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