Home Database Mysql Tutorial 数据库 union,union all 详解(转)

数据库 union,union all 详解(转)

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:35 PM
http union database Detailed explanation

http://www.cn-java.com/www1/?uid-571903-action-viewspace-itemid-56384 众所周知的几个结果集集合操作命令,今天详细地测试了一下,发现一些问题,记录备考。 假设我们有一个表Student,包括以下字段与数据: drop table student; create table student (

http://www.cn-java.com/www1/?uid-571903-action-viewspace-itemid-56384

 

众所周知的几个结果集集合操作命令,今天详细地测试了一下,发现一些问题,记录备考。

假设我们有一个表Student,包括以下字段与数据:

drop table student;

create table student
(
id int primary key,
name nvarchar2(50) not null,
score number not null
);

insert into student values(1,'Aaron',78);
insert into student values(2,'Bill',76);
insert into student values(3,'Cindy',89);
insert into student values(4,'Damon',90);
insert into student values(5,'Ella',73);
insert into student values(6,'Frado',61);
insert into student values(7,'Gill',99);
insert into student values(8,'Hellen',56);
insert into student values(9,'Ivan',93);
insert into student values(10,'Jay',90);

commit;

  • Union和Union All的区别。

select *
from student
where id

union

select *
from student
where id > 2 and id

结果将是

1    Aaron    78
2    Bill    76
3    Cindy    89
4    Damon    90
5    Ella    73

如果换成Union All连接两个结果集,则返回结果是:

1    Aaron    78
2    Bill    76
3    Cindy    89
3    Cindy    89
4    Damon    90
5    Ella    73

可以看到,Union和Union All的区别之一在于对重复结果的处理。

接下来我们将两个子查询的顺序调整一下,改为

--Union

select *
from student
where id > 2 and id

union

select *
from student
where id

看看执行结果是否和你期望的一致?

--Union All

select *
from student
where id > 2 and id

union all

select *
from student
where id

那么这个呢?

据此我们可知,区别之二在于对排序的处理。Union All将按照关联的次序组织数据,而Union将进行依据一定规则进行排序。那么这个规则是?我们换个查询方式看看:

select score,id,name
from student
where id > 2 and id

union

select score,id,name
from student
where id

结果如下:

73    5    Ella
76    2    Bill
78    1    Aaron
89    3    Cindy
90    4    Damon

和我们预料的一致:将会按照字段的顺序进行排序。之前我们的查询是基于id,name,score的字段顺序,那么结果集将按照id优先进行排序;而现在新的字段顺序也改变了查询结果的排序。并且,是按照给定字段a,b,c...的顺序进行的order by。即结果是order by a,b,c...........的。我们看下一个查询:

select score,id,name
from student
where id > 2

union

select score,id,name
from student
where id

结果如下:

56    8    Hellen
61    6    Frado
73    5    Ella
76    2    Bill
78    1    Aaron
89    3    Cindy
90    4    Damon
90    10    Jay
93    9    Ivan
99    7    Gill

可以看到,对于score相同的记录,将按照下一个字段id进行排序。如果我们想自行控制排序,是不是用order by指定就可以了呢?答案是肯定的,不过在写法上有需要注意的地方:

select score,id,name
from student
where id > 2 and id

union

select score,id,name
from student
where id

union

select score,id,name
from student
where id > 8
order by id desc

order by子句必须写在最后一个结果集里,并且其排序规则将改变操作后的排序结果。对于Union、Union All、Intersect、Minus都有效。

注意:

1,Union可以对字段名不同但数据类型相同的结果集进行合并;

2,如果字段名不同的结果集进行Union,那么对此字段的Order by子句将失效

=================================================================================================================

Intersect和Minus的操作和Union基本一致,这里一起总结一下:

Union,对两个结果集进行并集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;

Union All,对两个结果集进行并集操作,包括重复行不进行排序

Intersect,对两个结果集进行交集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;

Minus,对两个结果集进行差操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序。

可以在最后一个结果集中指定Order by子句改变排序方式。


 

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