TCP/IP详解学习笔记(2)
数据链路层有三个目的： 为IP模块发送和 接收IP数据报。 为ARP模块发送ARP请求和接收ARP应答。 为RARP发送RARP请 求和接收RARP应答 ip大家都听说过。至于ARP和RARP，ARP叫做地址解析协议，是用IP地址换MAC地址的一种协议，而RARP则叫做逆地址解析协议，在tcp
数据链路层有三个目的：
- 为IP模块发送和 接收IP数据报。
- 为ARP模块发送ARP请求和接收ARP应答。
- 为RARP发送RARP请 求和接收RARP应答
ip大家都听说过。至于ARP和RARP，ARP叫做地址解析协议，是用IP地址换MAC地址的一种协议，而RARP则叫做逆地址解析协议，在tcp/ip协议的后面章节会介绍它们（在局域网里面用ARP协议可以很容易的搞瘫痪网络哦）
数据链路层的协议还是很多的，有我们最常用的以太网（就是平时我们用的网卡）协议，也有不太常见的令牌环，还有FDDI，当然，还有国内现在相当普及的PPP协议（就是adsl宽带），以及一个loopback协议。
联系linux里面的ifconfig -a命令，这个命令通常会得到如下的结果
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:01:4A:03:5B:ED
inet addr:192.168.11.2 Bcast:192.168.11.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::201:4aff:fe03:5bed/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:2819 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:76 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:241609 (235.9 KiB) TX bytes:9596 (9.3 KiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:2713 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2713 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:3516032 (3.3 MiB) TX bytes:3516032 (3.3 MiB)
其中，eth0就是以太网接口，而lo则是loopback接口。这也说明这个主机在网络链路层上至少支持loopback协议和以太网协议。
以太网（Ether-net）的定是指数字设备公司（ Digital Equipment Corp.）、英特尔公司（Intel Corp.）和Xerox公司在1982年联合公布的一个标准，这个标准里面使用了一种称作CSMA/CD的接入方法。而IEEE802提供的标准集802.3(还有一部分定义到了802.2中)也提供了一个CSMA/CD的标准。这两个标准稍有不同，TCP/IP协议对这种情况的处理方式如下:
- 以太网的IP数据报封装在RFC894中定义，而IEEE802网络的IP数据报封装在RFC1042中定义。
- 一台主机一定要能发送和接收RFC894定义的数据报。
- 一台主机可以接收RFC894和RFC1042的封装格式的混合数据报。
- 一台主机也许能够发送RFC1042数据报。。如果主机能同时发送两种类型的分组数 据，那么发送的分组必须是可以设置的，而且默认条件下必须是RFC 894分组。
可见，RFC1042在TCP/IP里面处于一个配角的地位。这两种不同的数据报格式请参考教材。
ppp(点对点协议)是从SLIP的替代品。他们都提供了一种低速接入的解决方案。而每一种数据链路层协议，都有一个MTU（最大传输单元）定义，在这个定义下面，如果IP数据报过大，则要进行分片(fragmentation)，使得每片都小于MTU，注意PPP的MTU并不是一个物理定义，而是指一个逻辑定义（个人认为就是用程序控制）。可以用netstat来打印出MTU的结果，比如键入netstat -in
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0 1500 0 1774 0 0 0 587 0 0 0 BMRU
lo 16436 0 2667 0 0 0 2667 0 0 0 LRU
就可以观察到eth0的MTU是1500。而lo（环回接口）的MTU则是16436。
最后说说那个环回接口（loopback）。平时我们用127.0.0.1来尝试自己的机器服务器好使不好使。走的就是这个loopback接口。对于环回接口，有如下三点值得注意:
- 传给环回地址（一般是127.0.0.1）的任何数据均作为I P输入。
- 传给广播地址或多播地址的数据报复制一份传给环回接口，然后送到以太网上。这是 因为广播传送和多播传送的定义包含主机本身。
- 任何传给该主机IP地址的数据均送到环回接口。
这一章还是很简单的，一般作为了解知识也就足够了，没必要抠的那么详细。
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