Facebook每年烧钱2亿美元 实现盈利难度极大
北京时间4月8日消息,据《福布斯》网站报道称,作为一家社交网站,Facebook一直非常成功。Facebook的用户数量日益超过2亿这一里程碑的数量,其中约三分之二的用户来自美国以外的地区。Facebook增长速度最快的用户并非像人们预想的那样都来自年轻人,而是55岁
北京时间4月8日消息,据《福布斯》网站报道称,作为一家社交网站,Facebook一直非常成功。Facebook的用户数量日益超过2亿这一里程碑的数量,其中约三分之二的用户来自美国以外的地区。Facebook增长速度最快的用户并非像人们预想的那样都来自年轻人,而是55岁、甚至更年长的女性。
运营如此庞大规模的用户群体成本因此不小。Facebook在全球共设有11个分支机构,拥有800多名员工。有人认为,Facebook每年烧掉的钱高达2亿美元以上,但Facebook高管拒绝对此发表评论。不过,如果Facebook每年运营成本是上述数额的一半,即为1亿美元,那么该公司似乎就需要进行额外融资了。Facebook的一位发言人向《福布斯》表示,尽管该公司并未积极寻找风险投资,但可能会通过其它渠道来筹集所需的额外资金。
以下是Facebook可能筹集1亿美元的几种方式:
向每位35岁及以上的Facebook美国女性用户投放3.41万个广告,或者让每位35岁及以上的Facebook美国男性用户点击28个广告。
向每位Facebook美国高中生用户投放9.33万个广告,或者让每位Facebook美国大学生用户点击25个广告。
向每位Facebook德国用户播放42.1万个广告,或者让每位Facebook中国用户点击1362个广告。
尽管上述数字看起来有些夸张,但是它们源于Facebook提供给广告主的一套公开工具,这些工具可以用来估算广告效果和点击率。Facebook于2007年推出了其广告系统,以便让企业将广告精确投放到他们希望触及的群体。但是,这套系统的计费方式确实与众不同。例如,Facebook的广告系统显示,其网站约有700万大学生用户,并建议有意购买点击率的商家,如果要购买点击率,那么他们的出价应该为每次0.43美元至0.56美元之间。
企业可以基于CPM或CPC购买广告,前者是指有效的每千次播放费用,后者是指用户每次点击广告的费用。也就是说,以每次56美分计算,要赚1亿美元的话,Facebook需要销售大约1.78亿次点击,或每者让每位大学生点击25次。
与其它行业标准相比较,这种计费方式相当低廉。据市场调查机构Gartner负责调查网络广告的分析师安德鲁-弗兰克(Andrew Frank)表示,CPM和CPC计费方式随着网站不同而不同,但CPM平均价格在1至2美元左右,而CPC平均价格则略高于这一数字。总体而言,网络广告主要是将企业某种商品准确投放到特定群体。然而,并非这种准确性使得Facebook更有利可图。事实上,一般情况是,广告投放越准确,网站向企业收取的费率反而越低。
Facebook美国用户中约有2300人拥有哈佛大学经济学学位,这类人每点击一次可以为Facebook带来3美分至13美分的收入。但是,如果你打算向Facebook所有2.9万美国哈佛大学生用户投放广告,那么Facebook将向企业收取54美分至71美分。这似乎与我们的常识恰好相反,但你应该不需要哈佛大学经济学学位也能分析出其中缘由:不是因为这部分人群数量相对较少,而是因为针对那部分人的广告市场规模较小。如果针对某个领域的广告商稀缺,那么就不存在驱动广告报价增加的一切相关竞争。
Facebook根据最高竞价以及广告本身与既定用户之间的关联性,决定播放哪些广告。价格则通过拍卖敲定,其它相关的决定因素还包括广告整体效能以及用户对此的反馈意见,但如果存在任何一种极端情况,那么Facebook都将很难实现盈利。
在上述哈佛大学例子中,如果价格在决定投放广告方面拥有更大决定权,那么可能产生的结果将是:广告客户开出的购买哈佛经济学系毕业生点击的13美分最高竞价,将大大低于54美分购买美国所有哈佛毕业生点击这一低端价格。这样,关联性较低但目标但受众更为广泛的广告将成为Facebook的播放对象。
通过对这些数据的进一步研究,你会发现,小型针对性广告面临的情况更为糟糕。如果针对哈佛毕业生的广告现行收费标准走向低端价格,那么这种广告可能被一些愿意向针对所有大学毕业生的更高端针对性广告付费的用户胜过。鉴于49至64美分的建议报价,三则针对性最低的广告应当将成为Facebook的播放对象。
弗兰克表示:这真的是在戏弄你,因为你出价竞买了针对某种用户群体的广告,但却从没有获得相关服务。如果真的希望广告能够在这些人群发挥作用,那么你可能被迫提高出价,将广告受众扩大到其它人群。
如果广告投放完全取决于纯粹的关联性,那么使用Facebook广告锁定特定人群将是一个非常好的选择。公司能够以极低价格,获得具有高度关联性的广告,但在每则广告费用最低只有3美分情况下,Facebook需要刊登数量惊人的小型广告,才能实现盈利甚至还要提供与礼品及数字等刺激物相关的收入补充渠道。
弗兰克表示,对于希望在Facebook上锁定用户的广告客户来说,可能存在一个所谓的诱人之处,这种诱人之处足够窄可能会更有意义,但足够宽当然也会需要必要的空间,以赢得其它用户群体。其中的经济学意味着,小型广告客户将被迫与愿意支付更高价格以锁定大量受众的客户进行竞争。
显而易见,Facebook在向广告客户出售有效点进率方面面临较大难度,点进率指的是用户点击显示广告的频率。由于点进率是CPC(每次点击费用)和 CPM(每千次印象费用)定价模式的一项功能,我们可以推断出被点击的显示广告所占比率约为0.05%左右。据市场研究公司Forrester的分析师塞恩-科科伦(Sean Corcoran)表示,这一比率大大低于业内平均值,即针对典型网站的0.2%至0.5%以及针对搜索活动的1%至5%。
Facebook向《福布斯》证实称,今年广告收入有望比2008年增加70%。由于用户人数增加了一倍,再加上小规模群体用户数量也在增加,Facebook按照当前建议价格赢得中小型广告客户以实现盈利的模式仍面临困难。(诚石编译)

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