Home Database Mysql Tutorial p-n结原理2:p-n结的势垒高度和势垒厚度

p-n结原理2:p-n结的势垒高度和势垒厚度

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:43 PM
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Xie Meng-xian. (电子科大,成都市) (1) 为什么p-n结势垒厚度随着掺杂浓度的提高而变薄? ——因为在热平衡时,一定的空间电荷就正好能够产生抵消扩散作用的确定的内建电场;而在耗尽层近下,空间电荷主要是电离杂质中心所提供的电荷,故在掺杂浓度一定时

  Xie Meng-xian.  (电子科大,成都市)

 

      (1)为什么p-n结势垒厚度随着掺杂浓度的提高而变薄?

——因为在热平衡时,一定的空间电荷就正好能够产生抵消扩散作用的确定的内建电场;而在耗尽层近似下,空间电荷主要是电离杂质中心所提供的电荷,故在掺杂浓度一定时,一定的空间电荷也就对应于一定的势垒厚度。如果提高掺杂浓度,则就增大了电离杂质中心的浓度,即增大了空间电荷密度,于是在保持空间电荷总量大致一定的情况下,就将使得势垒厚度变薄。

相反,如果降低半导体的掺杂浓度,则势垒厚度增大。极端地,当两边半导体都成为本征半导体时,那么势垒厚度就将变为无穷大,这时p-n结实际上也就转变为一整块本征半导体了,p-n结消失。

【推论1】隧道结:当两边半导体的掺杂浓度很高(简并)时,则势垒厚度将很薄。如果掺杂浓度提高到使得势垒厚度薄至de Broglie波长大小时,那么p-n结两边的载流子就可以借助于量子隧道效应而穿过势垒区(不再受到势垒高度的限制),从而能够产生较大的电流,并且两个方向的电流都较大。这时,p-n结实际上也就变成了所谓隧道p-n结。

【推论2】金属的接触电势差:在两边掺杂浓度非常高(强简并)的极端情况下,就近似为两块金属之间的接触,这时势垒厚度也就减薄到接近Debye屏蔽长度的大小,内建电势差也就成为了金属之间的接触电势差(等于未接触前两边Fermi能级之差)。

【推论3】单边结:如果p-n结两边的掺杂浓度不一样,则两边的势垒厚度也将不同:因为空间电荷区中的正电荷与负电荷的数量总是相等的,若两边的电荷密度不一样,那就必然厚度不同。掺杂浓度较高一边的势垒厚度较薄,较低一边的势垒厚度则较厚;因此,若p型半导体的掺杂浓度很大(简并,记为p+),而n型半导体的掺杂浓度较低,那么整个p-n结的势垒厚度基本上也就是n型半导体一边的势垒厚度,这种p-n结特称为单边结(p+-n结)。

【推论4】Ohm接触:对于单边结,如果把高掺杂一边的半导体更换为金属,就成为了所谓金属-半导体接触,这也就相当于把高掺杂半导体一边的杂质浓度提高到接近金属导电的程度。所以,金属-半导体接触的势垒就完全处在半导体一边;势垒厚度基本上也就决定于半导体的掺杂浓度。这时,若提高半导体的掺杂浓度,使得势垒厚度变得很薄,以至于接近de Broglie波长,那么这种金属-半导体接触两边的载流子即可借助于隧道效应而顺利地穿过接触势垒,从而两个方向的电流都可以很大,即这种金属-半导体接触具有Ohm导电的特性,实际上也就成为了所谓Ohm接触。

半导体元器件在制作金属电极时,往往就利用了这种Ohm接触的特性。例如,对于BJT的三个电极:因为发射区掺杂浓度很高,所以把金属电极直接接触上去即可;基区表面的掺杂浓度也往往较高,金属电极直接与它接触,也可以成为Ohm接触;但是集电区的掺杂浓度往往较低,把金属电极直接与它接触的话,就不能获得Ohm接触,则必需事先要扩散一个高浓度的区域,才能获得Ohm接触。

【推论5】pin结的势垒厚度:在耗尽层近似下,若在p-n结的势垒区中人为地加进去一个本征半导体层——i型层(完全的耗尽层),这就相当于把势垒区有意地增大了,这时势垒区即为整个i型层加上两边的空间电荷层,但主要是中间的i型层。因此,pin结的势垒厚度可近似为一个恒定值:基本上不随掺杂浓度和温度等的变化而变化。

(2)为什么p-n结势垒高度随着掺杂浓度的提高而增大?

——可以从两个角度来说明:①因为提高掺杂浓度时,势垒厚度将减薄,则在内建电压基本不变的情况下,势垒区中的内建电场必将增强,所以势垒高度也就必将增大。②从p-n结的能带图来看,因为提高半导体掺杂浓度时,n型半导体的Fermi能级就移近导带底,p型半导体的Fermi能级就移近价带顶,则两边半导体的Fermi能级之差增大了,所以势垒高度也就将随着掺杂浓度的提高而增大。

注意:在掺杂浓度提高时,势垒高度将增大,而势垒厚度是减小的!

【推论1】对于非简并半导体的p-n结,因为两边的Fermi能级都处于禁带之内,所以势垒高度(等于两边Fermi能级之差)将小于禁带宽度;但是,当掺杂浓度很高(简并)时,p-n结两边半导体的Fermi能级将进入能带内,这时的势垒高度将大于禁带宽度,隧道p-n结就是这种情况。

【推论2】如果降低p-n结两边半导体的掺杂浓度,则势垒高度将降低(但势垒厚度将增大)。特别,当两边半导体都降低为本征半导体时,则势垒高度降低为0,势垒厚度也变为无穷大,这时p-n结也就退化为一个高阻的电阻了。

(3)为什么温度升高时,p-n结的势垒高度将降低、势垒厚度将变薄?

——对于势垒高度:因为温度升高时,n型和p型半导体的Fermi能级都将移向禁带中央,即两边半导体的Fermi能级之差将会减小,所以从p-n结的能带图即可见到,势垒高度将会随之降低。

——对于势垒厚度:因为温度升高时,p-n结的势垒高度降低,即接触电势差减小,内建电场减弱,所以势垒厚度将会随之减薄。

注意:在温度升高时,势垒高度和势垒厚度都将随之减小!

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