oracle view
视图 视图具有以下优点 1、限制用户只能通过视图检索数据。这样就可以对最终用户屏蔽创建视图所基于的底层基表。 2、可以将复杂查询编写为视图。这样可以对最终用户屏蔽一定的复杂性。 3、限制某个视图只能访问基表中的部分数据,这样可以实现另外一层安全性
视图视图具有以下优点
1、限制用户只能通过视图检索数据。这样就可以对最终用户屏蔽创建视图所基于的底层基表。
2、可以将复杂查询编写为视图。这样可以对最终用户屏蔽一定的复杂性。
3、限制某个视图只能访问基表中的部分数据,这样可以实现另外一层安全性,并且可以对最终用户屏蔽部分行。
CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW [ { FORCE | NOFORCE }] view_name
[ (alias_name[,alias_name ...])] AS subquery
[ WITH { CHECK OPTION | READ ONLY } CONSTRAINT constraint_name];
其中OR REPLACE 说明如果视图已经存在,就替换现有视图。
FROCE 说明即使基表不存在,也要创建视图,
NOFORCE 说明如果基表不存在,就不创建视图,NOFORCE是默认值。
subquery指定一个子查询。
WIHT CHECK OPTION 说明只有子查询检索的行才能被插入,修改、删除。默认情况下,在插入、修改、删除行之前不会检索这些行是否被子查询检索
WIHT READ ONLY 说明只能对基表中的行进行只读访问。
--简单视图
CREATEVIEW v_cheap_products1
AS
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE price15;
CREATE VIEW v_employees
AS
SELECTemployee_id,manager_id,first_name,last_name,title
FROM employees;
--对视图执行insert操作
INSERTINTO v_cheap_products1 (
product_id,product_type_id,name,price
) values (
12,1,'Western Front',13.50
);
/**注意:只能对简单视图执行DML操作;复杂视图不支持DML操作.*****************/
--由于v_cheap_products没有使用WITH CHECK OPTION,因此可以插入、修改、删除那些子查询不能检索的行。
INSERTINTO v_cheap_products1 (
product_id,product_type_id,name,price
) values (
14,1,'Eastern Front',16.5
);
--以上插入了子查询不能检索的行,因此以下检索不到数据
SELECT *
FROMv_cheap_products
WHEREproduct_id =14;
--创建具有CHECK OPTION约束的视图:通过为视图添加CHECK OPTION约束,可以指定对视图执行DML操作必须满足子查询的条件。
CREATEVIEW v_cheap_products2
AS
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE price
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT cheap_products_v2_price;
--插入以下数据会报错
INSERTINTOv_cheap_products (
product_id,product_type_id,name,price
) values (
14,1,'Eastern Front',16.5
);
--创建只读视图:对于只读视图,不能对其执行DML操作
CREATEVIEW v_cheap_products3
AS
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE price
WITH READ ONLY CONSTRAINT cheap_products_v3_price;
--创建复杂视图
CREATEVIEWv_products_and _types
AS
SELECT p.name product_name,pt.nameproduct_type_name,p.price
FROM products p FULL OUTER JOIN product_types pt
USING(product_type_id)
CREATEVIEWv_employee_salary_grades
AS
SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, e.title, e.salary, sa.salary_grade_id
FROM employees e INNER JOINsalary_grades sg ON e.salary BETWEEN sg.low_salary AND sg.high_salary;
--下面这个例子创建视图v_product_average,子查询使用
/*WHERE 子句对products表中的行进行过滤,只保留那些价格低于$15的记录
GROUP BY子句对剩余的行根据product_type_id列进行分组
HAVING 子句对分组进行过滤,只保留那些平均价格低于$13的分组*/
CREATEVIEWv_product_average
AS
SELECTproduct_type_id,AVG(price) average_price
FROM products
WHERE price
GROUPBYproduct_type_id
HAVINGAVG(price) >13;
--修改视图CREATE OR REPLACE,使用ALTER VIEW可以修改视图的约束
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW v_product_average
AS
SELECTproduct_type_id,AVG(price) average_price
FROM products
WHERE price
GROUPBYproduct_type_id
HAVINGAVG(price) >11;
--获取视图定义信息describe
DESC v_cheap_products3
--获取用户所创建的视图信息
select * from user_views;
--获取可以访问的视图信息
select * from all_views;
--获取有关视图的约束信息
select constraint_name,constraint_type,status
from user_constraints
where table_name in ('V_CHEAP_PRODUCTS1','V_CHEAP_PRODUCTS2');

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