关系数据库
域: 一组具有相同数据类型的的集合 ,例如,整数、实数、 关系: D1×D2×…×Dn的子集叫做在域D1,D2,…,Dn上的关系 属性: 每列起一个名字,每列就是一个属性 候选码:关系中的某一属性 组 的能唯一地标识一个元组,该属性 组 为候选码 ,K是RU,F中的属
域 : 一组具有相同数据类型的值的集合 ,例如,整数、实数、
关系: D1×D2×…×Dn的子集叫做在域D1,D2,…,Dn上的关系
属性: 每列起一个名字,每列就是一个属性
候选码:关系中的某一属性 组 的值能唯一地标识一个元组,该属性 组 为候选码 ,K是R中的属性或属性组合 如果K确定U,则K为R的候选码
主码:若一个关系有多个候选码,则选定其中一个为主码
范式:规范化的关系
关系模式简记为: R(U)或R(A1,A2,...,An) ,R关系名,U属性名集合,A1,A2,...An为属性名
元组:元组表中的每行(即数据库中的每条记录)就是一个元组
分量:笛卡尔积元素(d1,d2,...d3)中每一个值di叫做一个分量
第一范式:每一个分量是不可分的数据项
完全函数依赖:X Y是U的子集,对于如果X->Y(X确定Y),并且对于X的任何一个真子集X'都有 X‘不->Y,则称Y对X完全函数依赖
主属性:包含在候选码中的一个属性
超码:如果K->R,则K是R的超码
第一范式(1NF)无重复的列
第二范式(2NF)属性完全依赖于主键。
要求数据库表中的每个实例或行必须可以被唯一地区分。
第三范式(3NF)属性不依赖于其它非主属性。
要求一个数据库表中不包含已在其它表中已包含的非主关键字信息。例如,存在一个部门信息表,其中每个部门有部门编号(dept_id)、部门名称、部门简介等信息。那么在的员工信息表中列出部门编号后就不能再将部门名称、部门简介等与部门有关的信息再加入员工信息表中。
第三范式(3NF)实例分析
接着看上面的学生表Student(学号,姓名, 年龄,性别,系别,系办地址、系办电话),关键字为单一关键字"学号",因为存在如下决定关系:
(学号)→ (姓名, 年龄,性别,系别,系办地址、系办电话)
但是还存在下面的决定关系
(学号) → (所在系办)→(系办地点, 系办电话)
即存在非关键字段"系办地点"、"系办电话"对关键字段"学号"的传递函数依赖。
把表分为如下两个表就可以满足第三范式了:
学生:(学号, 姓名, 年龄, 性别,系别);
系别:(系别, 系办地址、系办电话)。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



Facing lag, slow mobile data connection on iPhone? Typically, the strength of cellular internet on your phone depends on several factors such as region, cellular network type, roaming type, etc. There are some things you can do to get a faster, more reliable cellular Internet connection. Fix 1 – Force Restart iPhone Sometimes, force restarting your device just resets a lot of things, including the cellular connection. Step 1 – Just press the volume up key once and release. Next, press the Volume Down key and release it again. Step 2 – The next part of the process is to hold the button on the right side. Let the iPhone finish restarting. Enable cellular data and check network speed. Check again Fix 2 – Change data mode While 5G offers better network speeds, it works better when the signal is weaker

I cry to death. The world is madly building big models. The data on the Internet is not enough. It is not enough at all. The training model looks like "The Hunger Games", and AI researchers around the world are worrying about how to feed these data voracious eaters. This problem is particularly prominent in multi-modal tasks. At a time when nothing could be done, a start-up team from the Department of Renmin University of China used its own new model to become the first in China to make "model-generated data feed itself" a reality. Moreover, it is a two-pronged approach on the understanding side and the generation side. Both sides can generate high-quality, multi-modal new data and provide data feedback to the model itself. What is a model? Awaker 1.0, a large multi-modal model that just appeared on the Zhongguancun Forum. Who is the team? Sophon engine. Founded by Gao Yizhao, a doctoral student at Renmin University’s Hillhouse School of Artificial Intelligence.

Recently, the military circle has been overwhelmed by the news: US military fighter jets can now complete fully automatic air combat using AI. Yes, just recently, the US military’s AI fighter jet was made public for the first time and the mystery was unveiled. The full name of this fighter is the Variable Stability Simulator Test Aircraft (VISTA). It was personally flown by the Secretary of the US Air Force to simulate a one-on-one air battle. On May 2, U.S. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall took off in an X-62AVISTA at Edwards Air Force Base. Note that during the one-hour flight, all flight actions were completed autonomously by AI! Kendall said - "For the past few decades, we have been thinking about the unlimited potential of autonomous air-to-air combat, but it has always seemed out of reach." However now,

The latest video of Tesla's robot Optimus is released, and it can already work in the factory. At normal speed, it sorts batteries (Tesla's 4680 batteries) like this: The official also released what it looks like at 20x speed - on a small "workstation", picking and picking and picking: This time it is released One of the highlights of the video is that Optimus completes this work in the factory, completely autonomously, without human intervention throughout the process. And from the perspective of Optimus, it can also pick up and place the crooked battery, focusing on automatic error correction: Regarding Optimus's hand, NVIDIA scientist Jim Fan gave a high evaluation: Optimus's hand is the world's five-fingered robot. One of the most dexterous. Its hands are not only tactile

FP8 and lower floating point quantification precision are no longer the "patent" of H100! Lao Huang wanted everyone to use INT8/INT4, and the Microsoft DeepSpeed team started running FP6 on A100 without official support from NVIDIA. Test results show that the new method TC-FPx's FP6 quantization on A100 is close to or occasionally faster than INT4, and has higher accuracy than the latter. On top of this, there is also end-to-end large model support, which has been open sourced and integrated into deep learning inference frameworks such as DeepSpeed. This result also has an immediate effect on accelerating large models - under this framework, using a single card to run Llama, the throughput is 2.65 times higher than that of dual cards. one

Last week, amid the internal wave of resignations and external criticism, OpenAI was plagued by internal and external troubles: - The infringement of the widow sister sparked global heated discussions - Employees signing "overlord clauses" were exposed one after another - Netizens listed Ultraman's "seven deadly sins" Rumors refuting: According to leaked information and documents obtained by Vox, OpenAI’s senior leadership, including Altman, was well aware of these equity recovery provisions and signed off on them. In addition, there is a serious and urgent issue facing OpenAI - AI safety. The recent departures of five security-related employees, including two of its most prominent employees, and the dissolution of the "Super Alignment" team have once again put OpenAI's security issues in the spotlight. Fortune magazine reported that OpenA

Apple's latest releases of iOS18, iPadOS18 and macOS Sequoia systems have added an important feature to the Photos application, designed to help users easily recover photos and videos lost or damaged due to various reasons. The new feature introduces an album called "Recovered" in the Tools section of the Photos app that will automatically appear when a user has pictures or videos on their device that are not part of their photo library. The emergence of the "Recovered" album provides a solution for photos and videos lost due to database corruption, the camera application not saving to the photo library correctly, or a third-party application managing the photo library. Users only need a few simple steps

How to use MySQLi to establish a database connection in PHP: Include MySQLi extension (require_once) Create connection function (functionconnect_to_db) Call connection function ($conn=connect_to_db()) Execute query ($result=$conn->query()) Close connection ( $conn->close())
