数据库启动之NOMOUNT
1.启动数据库：STARTUP命令后，执行顺序如下 首先使用服务器上的SPFILESID文件启动实例，如未找到，使用服务器上默认的SPFILE启动实例；如未找到默认SPFILE,使用INITSID文件启动实例，如仍未找到，报错。 SYS@bys1startup; ORA-01078: failure in processing
1.启动数据库：STARTUP命令后，执行顺序如下
首先使用服务器上的SPFILESID文件启动实例，如未找到，使用服务器上默认的SPFILE启动实例；如未找到默认SPFILE,使用INITSID文件启动实例，如仍未找到，报错。
SYS@bys1>startup;
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initaaa.ora'
找到参数文件后，此时ORACLE根据参数文件中的设置创建实例，分配内存，启动后台进程。
可以在STARTUP 命令中使用PFILE选项指定参数文件来改变优先顺序 ：startuppfile=c:\orcl\pfile\init.ora
2.startup nomount
只启动实例不打开数据库中任何文件，不打开控制文件，只使用了初始化参数文件。这个过程也是启动数据库实例的过程。即读取参数文件，应用参数启动实例。
在WINDOWS上是ORCLE.EXE初始化，在UNIX/LINUX上是ORACLE可执行文件初始化。在操作系统中查看ORACLE可执行文件：WIN平台dir oracle.exe 或者 UNIX/LINUX平台 file oracle
此状态只有在创建数据库或重建控制文件时使用。此时ORACLE将进行如下工作：
分配SGA配置所有内存缓冲区和相关结构,启动所需全部后台进程，打开报警文件alertSID.log和追踪文件trace;
下面是实现启动的信息
SQL> conn sys/oraclesys as sysdba
已连接到空闲例程。
SQL> startup nomount;
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 431038464 bytes
Fixed Size 1375088 bytes
Variable Size 331351184 bytes
Database Buffers 92274688 bytes
Redo Buffers 6037504 bytes
3.实例启动时ALERT日志文件中的信息
在ALERT日志中可以看到实例启动时后台进程也相应启动，并且给出了PID及OSID信息。PID是进程在数据库内部的标识符编号，OSID代表进程在操作系统上进程编号。
通过数据库v$process视图，查询PID与SPID对应: v$process视图是操作系统到数据库的入口。
其中PID=1的进程是初始化数据库的进程，启动其它进程前即被占用，并在数据库中一直存在。SPID列代表操作上的进程号，通过查询SPID可以在OS中相应查询到进程。比如在操作系统中发现某进程占用高CPU/内存，可以通过进程号的对应找出相应的数据库进程，进行诊断优化。
Latchwait列代表进程当前正在等待的latch信息，Latchspin列记录进程正在通过SPIN进行Latch竞争。ADDR列代表进程地址、进程状态等信息在内存中记录。
Select addr,pid,spid,username,program,latchwait from v$process;
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
StartingORACLE instance (normal)
LICENSE_MAX_SESSION= 0
LICENSE_SESSIONS_WARNING= 0
Pickedlatch-free SCN scheme 2
Autotuneof undo retention is turned on.
IMODE=BR
ILAT=27
LICENSE_MAX_USERS= 0
SYSauditing is disabled
Startingup:
OracleDatabase 11g Enterprise Edition Release11.2.0.1.0 - Production --------------数据库版本
Withthe Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options.
Usingparameter settings in server-side spfile C:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\PRODUCT\11.2.0\DBHOME_1\DATABASE\SPFILEORCL.ORA
Systemparameters with non-default values:
processes = 150
large_pool_size = 8M
memory_target = 412M
control_files ="D:\DISK1\CONTROL01.CTL" --------------------参数文件中的参数
control_files ="D:\DISK2\CONTROL02.CTL"
control_files ="D:\DISK3\CONTROL03.CTL"
control_files ="D:\DISK4\CONTROL04.CTL"
control_files ="D:\DISK5\CONTROL05.CTL"
db_block_size = 8192
db_cache_size = 32M
db_cache_advice = "ON"
compatible = "11.2.0.0.0"
log_archive_dest_1 = "location=d:\disk1\offlinelog\mandatory"
log_archive_dest_2 = "location=d:\disk2\offlinelog\"
log_archive_dest_3 = "location=d:\disk3\offlinelog\optional"
log_archive_dest_4 = "location=d:\disk4\offlinelog\optional"
log_archive_dest_5 = "location=d:\disk5\offlinelog\mandatory"
log_archive_dest_state_1 = "ENABLE"
log_archive_min_succeed_dest= 3
db_recovery_file_dest ="C:\app\Administrator\flash_recovery_area"
db_recovery_file_dest_size= 3852M
undo_tablespace = "UNDOTBS1"
remote_login_passwordfile="EXCLUSIVE"
db_domain = ""
dispatchers = "(PROTOCOL=TCP)(SERVICE=orclXDB)"
audit_file_dest ="C:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\ADMIN\ORCL\ADUMP"
audit_trail = "DB"
db_name = "orcl"
open_cursors = 300
diagnostic_dest = "C:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR"
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
PMONstarted with pid=2, OS id=2396
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
VKTMstarted with pid=3, OS id=2408 at elevated priority
VKTMrunning at (10)millisec precision with DBRM quantum (100)ms -----------------------后台进程启动
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
GEN0started with pid=4, OS id=612
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
DIAGstarted with pid=5, OS id=2100
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
DBRMstarted with pid=6, OS id=2332
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
PSP0started with pid=7, OS id=2072
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
DIA0started with pid=8, OS id=2404
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
MMANstarted with pid=9, OS id=2400
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
DBW0started with pid=10, OS id=2356
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
LGWRstarted with pid=11, OS id=2484
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
CKPTstarted with pid=12, OS id=2488
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
SMONstarted with pid=13, OS id=2352
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
RECOstarted with pid=14, OS id=2376
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
MMONstarted with pid=15, OS id=2360
SunFeb 03 21:50:38 2013
MMNLstarted with pid=16, OS id=2512
startingup 1 dispatcher(s) for network address'(ADDRESS=(PARTIAL=YES)(PROTOCOL=TCP))'...
startingup 1 shared server(s) ...
ORACLE_BASEfrom environment = C:\app\Administrator
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