【自考】数据库系统原理详解(第一章)
还记得当初第一遍看这本书的时候,很混乱,尤其是三四章,对这本书的理解不是很好,只是画了两张流程图,不敢贴出来,现在贴出来吧,希望能够得到大家的指导。 下面这篇博客的主题主要是讲第一章: 经过米老师那天一上午的讲解之后,对这本书不再产生惧怕,
还记得当初第一遍看这本书的时候,很混乱,尤其是三四章,对这本书的理解不是很好,只是画了两张流程图,不敢贴出来,现在贴出来吧,希望能够得到大家的指导。
下面这篇博客的主题主要是讲第一章:
经过米老师那天一上午的讲解之后,对这本书不再产生惧怕,听米老师讲觉得它很简单,不过事实就是它很简单。下面我们就来看一下它到底有多简单吧!
本章主要讲的是一些基本概念,虽然基本概念枯燥,但它却涵盖了整本书的内容,本章节主要讲了两大类:数据和数据库。数据包括,数据管理技术的发展,数据的描述到抽象。数据库包括,数据库系统和数据库管理系统。
1、数据管理技术历史发展
随着时代的不断发展,数据量也变得越来越多,我们就不能用传统的手工方式处理数据了,这个时候数据管理技术就出现了。它先后经历了四个阶段:人工管理阶段,文件系统阶段,数据库阶段,高级数据库阶段。也就是从面相程序——面向应用——面向应用系统——面向对象的发展。
2、数据描述到抽象
数据的描述到抽象的过程也就是从计算机中的具体表示到数据库的设计。
数据的描述经历了三个阶段:概念,逻辑,物理
1、概念描述:说到概念,我们不得不联系实体,实体集,属性,实体标识符。我们可以把实体看做对象,对象有属性,它有一个唯一的名字,也就是标识符。对象的集合就是类,也就是所说的实体集。
2、逻辑描述:一个对象它包含多个属性,它在数据库中就相当于一条记录,而记录中的每个属性就是字段,多条记录组成了一个文件,能唯一区分这些条记录的就是关键码。
3、物理描述:物理描述就是用来描述存储数据的一些单位。例如:位,字节,字,块等。
然而实体之间不是相互孤立的,他们之间是有联系的。
上面三条都是讲的数据在计算机中的表示,那么我们怎么样把它变成现实呢。从计算机变成现实世界就是一个抽象的过程。
上图中代表了数据库设计的四种模型,由图中我们可以看出:
(1)概念模型是为用户和数据库设计员交流服务的,以用户需求出发,是数据整体逻辑结构的基础。
(2)逻辑模型是为数据库设计员和程序员交流服务的,以数据库实现出发, 表达了数据库的整体逻辑结构。
(3)内部模型是存储数据的,外部模型是用户所用的那部分数据。
三层模式和两级映像:
三层模式就是图中所画的右半部分图形,它代表了从数据库的存储到数据库逻辑的实现最后到用户用数据的整个过程。其中经历了两个映像,先是外模式到逻辑模式的映像是存放在外模式中的,后是内模式到逻辑模式的映像,是存放在内模式中的。
3、DBMS和DBS
我们可以从定义上区分:DBS是DB,硬件,软件和DBA等的集合体,DBMS是DBS核心组成部分,也就是说DBS包含DBMS。
DBMS工作模式:
DBMS接受应用程序的数据请求,向DB转换成低层指令,对数据库进行操作,然后将数据库的查询结果进行处理,再将结果反馈给用户。
DBMS主要功能:看到这里我们就会觉得好熟悉啊,DDL,DML不就是刚刚学过的东西吗,数据库保护功能,只是换了个名字而已,它不就是我们之前学过的DCL嘛。还有DD,之前也学过的。
我们再看DBS,前面说了它是由DB硬件,软件,DBA组成。DBS全局结构就是从磁盘——DBMS——界面——用户这四个层次来完成各个模块的联系。
总结:通过米老师这节课,让我们觉得学习是一件很简单的事情,我们要善于找关系,将新知识变成旧知识,让知识不再是孤立的。

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