MySQL备份和恢复数据表的方法(1)
备份是最简单的保护数据的方法,本节将介绍多种备份方法。为了得到一个一致的备份,在相关的表上做一个LOCK TABLES,你只需一个读锁定,当你在数据库目录中做文件的一个拷贝时,这允许其他线程继续查询该表;当你恢复数据时,需要一个写锁定,以避免冲突。
备份是最简单的保护数据的方法,本节将介绍多种备份方法。为了得到一个一致的备份,在相关的表上做一个LOCK TABLES,你只需一个读锁定,当你在数据库目录中做文件的一个拷贝时,这允许其他线程继续查询该表;当你恢复数据时,需要一个写锁定,以避免冲突。
使用SQL语句备份和恢复
你可以使用SELECT INTO OUTFILE语句备份数据,并用LOAD DATA INFILE语句恢复数据。这种方法只能导出数据的内容,不包括表的结构,如果表的结构文件损坏,你必须要先恢复原来的表的结构。
语法:
SELECT * INTO {OUTFILE | DUMPFILE} 'file_name' FROM tbl_name
LOAD DATA [LOW_PRIORITY] [LOCAL] INFILE 'file_name.txt' [REPLACE | IGNORE]
INTO TABLE tbl_name
SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'格式的SELECT语句将选择的行写入一个文件。文件在服务器主机上被创建,并且不能是已经存在的(不管别的,这可阻止数据库表和文件例如“/etc/passwd”被破坏)。SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE是LOAD DATA INFILE逆操作。
LOAD DATA INFILE语句从一个文本文件中以很高的速度读入一个表中。如果指定LOCAL关键词,从客户主机读文件。如果LOCAL没指定,文件必须位于服务器上。(LOCAL在MySQL3.22.6或以后版本中可用。)
为了安全原因,当读取位于服务器上的文本文件时,文件必须处于数据库目录或可被所有人读取。另外,为了对服务器上文件使用LOAD DATA INFILE,在服务器主机上你必须有file的权限。使用这种SELECT INTO OUTFILE语句,在服务器主机上你必须有FILE权限。
为了避免重复记录,在表中你需要一个PRIMARY KEY或UNIQUE索引。当在唯一索引值上一个新记录与一个老记录重复时,REPLACE关键词使得老记录用一个新记录替代。如果你指定IGNORE,跳过有唯一索引的现有行的重复行的输入。如果你不指定任何一个选项,当找到重复索引值时,出现一个错误,并且文本文件的余下部分被忽略时。
如果你指定关键词LOW_PRIORITY,LOAD DATA语句的执行被推迟到没有其他客户读取表后。
使用LOCAL将比让服务器直接存取文件慢些,因为文件的内容必须从客户主机传送到服务器主机。在另一方面,你不需要file权限装载本地文件。如果你使用LOCAL关键词从一个本地文件装载数据,服务器没有办法在操作的当中停止文件的传输,因此缺省的行为好像IGNORE被指定一样。
当在服务器主机上寻找文件时,服务器使用下列规则:
◆如果给出一个绝对路径名,服务器使用该路径名。
◆如果给出一个有一个或多个前置部件的相对路径名,服务器相对服务器的数据目录搜索文件。
◆如果给出一个没有前置部件的一个文件名,服务器在当前数据库的数据库目录寻找文件。
假定表tbl_name具有一个PRIMARY KEY或UNIQUE索引,备份一个数据表的过程如下:
1、锁定数据表,避免在备份过程中,表被更新
mysql>LOCK TABLES READ tbl_name;
2、导出数据
mysql>SELECT * INTO OUTFILE ‘tbl_name.bak’ FROM tbl_name;
3、解锁表
mysql>UNLOCK TABLES;
相应的恢复备份的数据的过程如下:
1、为表增加一个写锁定:
mysql>LOCK TABLES tbl_name WRITE;
2、恢复数据
mysql>LOAD DATA INFILE ‘tbl_name.bak’
->REPLACE INTO TABLE tbl_name;
如果,你指定一个LOW_PRIORITY关键字,就不必如上要对表锁定,因为数据的导入将被推迟到没有客户读表为止:
mysql>LOAD DATA LOW_PRIORITY INFILE ‘tbl_name’
->REPLACE INTO TABLE tbl_name;
3、解锁表

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