深入解析NoSQL数据库的分布式算法
系统的可扩展性是推动NoSQL运动发展的的主要理由,包含了分布式系统协调,故障转移,资源管理和许多其他特性。这么讲使得NoSQL听
系统的可扩展性是推动NoSQL运动发展的的主要理由,包含了分布式系统协调,故障转移,资源管理和许多其他特性。这么讲使得NoSQL听起来像是一个大筐,什么都能塞进去。尽管NoSQL运动并没有给分布式数据处理带来根本性的技术变革,但是依然引发了铺天盖地的关于各种协议和算法的研究以及实践。正是通过这些尝试逐渐总结出了一些行之有效的数据库构建方法。在这篇文章里,我将针对NoSQL数据库的分布式特点进行一些系统化的描述。
接下来我们将研究一些分布式策略,比如故障检测中的复制,这些策略用黑体字标出,被分为三段:
数据一致性众所周知,分布式系统经常会遇到网络隔离或是延迟的情况,在这种情况下隔离的部分是不可用的,因此要保持高可用性而不牺牲一致性是不可能的。这一事实通常被称作“CAP理论”。然而,一致性在分布式系统中是一个非常昂贵的东西,所以经常需要在这上面做一些让步,不只是针对可用性,还有多种权衡。为了研究这些权衡,我们注意到分布式系统的一致性问题是由数据隔离和复制引起的,所以我们将从研究复制的特点开始:
现在让我们仔细看看常用的复制技术,并按照描述的特点给他们分一下类。第一幅图描绘了不同技术之间的逻辑关系和不同技术在系统的一致性、扩展性、可用性、延迟性之间的权衡坐标。 第二张图详细描绘了每个技术。
复本因子是4。读写协调者可以是一个外部客户端或是一个内部代理节点。
《NoSQL数据库入门》,高清PDF 版下载见
NoSQL数据库的基础知识
企业应用NoSQL的关键
我们会依据一致性从弱到强把所有的技术过一遍:(A, 反熵) 一致性最弱,基于策略如下。写操作的时候选择任意一个节点更新,在读的时候如果新数据还没有通过后台的反熵协议传递到读的那个节点,那么读到的仍然是旧数据。(下一节会详细介绍反熵协议)。这种方法的主要特点是:
(B) 对上面模式的一个改进是在任意一个节点收到更新数据请求的同时异步的发送更新给所有可用节点。这也被认为是定向的反熵。
(C) 在前一个模式中,使用提示移交技术可以更好地处理某个节点的操作失败。对于失效节点的预期更新被记录在额外的代理节点上,并且标明一旦特点节点可用就要将更新传递给该节点。这样做提高了一致性,降低了复制收敛时间。
(D, 一次性读写)因为提示移交的责任节点也有可能在将更新传递出去之前就已经失效,在这种情况下就有必要通过所谓的读修复来保证一致性。每个读操作都会启动一个异步过程,向存储这条数据的所有节点请求一份数据摘要(像签名或者hash),如果发现各节点返回的摘要不一致则统一各节点上的数据版本。我们用一次性读写来命名组合了A、B、C、D的技术- 他们都没有提供严格的一致性保证,但是作为一个自备的方法已经可以用于实践了。

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