数据库基础
1最常用的数据模型: (1)层次模型:用树形结构来表示各类实体以及实体间的关系。 层次模型中,只有一个节点没有双亲节点,即根节点。根以外的其他节点有且只有一个双亲节点。 层次节点的优点是:简单,高效。 层次节点的缺点是:无法直接实现多对多。 (2)
1最常用的数据模型:(1)层次模型:用树形结构来表示各类实体以及实体间的关系。
层次模型中,只有一个节点没有双亲节点,即根节点。根以外的其他节点有且只有一个双亲节点。
层次节点的优点是:简单,高效。
层次节点的缺点是:无法直接实现多对多。
(2)网状模型:允许一个以上的节点无双亲,一个界定啊可以有多于一个的双亲。
网状模型的优点:可实现多对多俩系,存储效率高。
网状模型的缺点:结构复杂,不易实现。
层次模型和网状模型是非关系模型。
(3)关系模型:由一组关系组成。
①关系:一个关系对应通常说的一张表(二维表)。
②元组:表中的一行即为一个元组。
③属性:表中的一列即为一个属性。给每一个属性起一个名称即属性名。
④码:表中的某个属性组,可以唯一确定一个元组。如学生的学号可以唯一确定一个学生
⑤域:属性的取值范围。如性别的域是(男,女)
关系模型的特征:
①属性名称都不相同,且都是原子的(不可再分)
②同一属性的数据类型是相同的
③每行数据(元组)是不完全相同的。
④表中行和列的顺序可以任意排列,即行和列的先后次序对表的性质不发生影响。
(4)面向对象模型
(5)对象关系模型
2、数据库语言:
DCL 数据控制语言(安全性)
DDL 数据定义语言(创建模式)
DML 数据操纵语言(数据更新(增删改))
DQL 数据查询语言(查询)
3、SQL:结构化查询语言,是数据库的标准语言。
SQL的动词:
(1)数据查询 select
(2)数据定义 create(建表)、drop(删除)、alter(修改)
(3)数据操纵 insert(插入)、update(更新)、delete(删除)
(4)数据控制 grant(授权)、revoke(回收)
4、数据类型
char(n) 长度为n的定长字符串
varchar(n) 最大长度为n的可变长字符串
int 长整型
smallint 短整数
numeric(p,d) 定点数,由p位数字(不包括小数点、符号)组成,小数后面有d位数字
real 取决于机器精度的浮点数
double precision 取决于机器精度的双精度浮点数
float(n) 浮点数,精度至少为n位数字
date 日期,包含年、月、日,格式为YYYY-MM-DD
time 时间,包含一日的时,分,秒,格式为HH:MM:SS

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