数据库操作--查询(续)
1、常用的查询条件: (1)比较 =,,,=,=,!=(不等于),(不等于),!(不大于),!;not上述比较运算符 (2)确定范围 between and , not between and (3)确定集合 in , not in (4)字符匹配 like , not like (5)空 is null , is not null (6)多重条件(
1、常用的查询条件:(1)比较 =,>,=,(不等于),!>(不大于),! (2)确定范围 between and , not between and
(3)确定集合 in , not in
(4)字符匹配 like , not like
(5)空值 is null , is not null
(6)多重条件(逻辑运算)and , or , not
2、聚集函数
count([distinct | all] * ) /*统计元组个数*/
count([distinct | all] ) /*统计一列中值的个数*/
sum([distinct | all] ) /*计算一列值的总和(此列必须是数值型)*/
avg([distinct | all] ) /*计算一列值得平均值(此列必须是数值型)*/
Max([distinct | all] ) /*求一列中的最大值*/
min([distinct | all] ) /*求一列中的最小值*/
如果指定distinct短语,则表示在计算时要取消指定列中的重复值
如果指定all短语,则表示不取消重复值。all为缺省值
3、连接查询
(1)等值与非等值连接查询
格式为:[.][.]
其中 比较运算符主要有:=、>、=、)等
此外链接谓词还可以使用下面形式:
[.][.] and [.]
当链接运算符为=时,称为等值连接,使用其他运算符称为非等值连接
(2)自身连接
(3)外连接:把舍弃的元组也保存在结果关系中,而在其他属性上填空值(null),那么这种连接叫做外连接
(4)复合条件连接:where子句中有多个连接条件,称为符合连接
连接操作除了可以使两表连接,一个表与其自身连接外,还可以是两个以上的表进行连接,后者通常称为多表连接。
4、嵌套查询:一个子查询还可以嵌套其他子查询
注意:子查询的select 语句中不能使用order by 子句,group by 子句不能对最终查询结果排序
(1)带有IN谓词的子查询
(2)带有运算符的子查询
(3)带有any(some)或all的子查询
(4)带有exists的子查询

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