详解 SQL 对集合的操作:交、差、并
我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。 不过
我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。
不过我还是喜欢这个观点,所以我们来看看能不能用上韦恩图。假设我们有下面两张表。表A在左边,表B在右边。我们给它们各四条记录。
1 2 3 4 5 6 | id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 1 Rutabaga 2 Monkey 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 3 Darth Vader 4 Spaghetti 4 Ninja |
我们用过name字段用几种不同方式把这些表联合起来,看能否得到和那些漂亮的韦恩图在概念上的匹配。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 4 Ninja |
内联合(inner join)只生成同时匹配表A和表B的记录集。(如下图):交集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader |
全外联合(full outer join)生成表A和表B里的记录全集,包括两边都匹配的记录。如果有一边没有匹配的,缺失的这一边为null。(如下图):并集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null |
左外联合(left outer join)生成表A的所有记录,包括在表B里匹配的记录。如果没有匹配的,右边将是null。(如下图)
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null |
为了生成只在表A里而不在表B里的记录集,我们用同样的左外联合,然后用where语句排除我们不想要的记录。(如下图):差集
——————————————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader |
为了生成对于表A和表B唯一的记录集,我们用同样的全外联合,然后用where语句排除两边都不想要的记录。(如下图)
———————————————————–
还有一种笛卡尔积或者交叉联合(cross join),据我所知不能用韦恩图表示:
1 2 | SELECT * FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB |
这个把“所有”联接到“所有”,产生4乘4=16行,远多于原始的集合。如果你学过数学,你便知道为什么这个联合遇上大型的表很危险。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



HQL and SQL are compared in the Hibernate framework: HQL (1. Object-oriented syntax, 2. Database-independent queries, 3. Type safety), while SQL directly operates the database (1. Database-independent standards, 2. Complex executable queries and data manipulation).

"Usage of Division Operation in OracleSQL" In OracleSQL, division operation is one of the common mathematical operations. During data query and processing, division operations can help us calculate the ratio between fields or derive the logical relationship between specific values. This article will introduce the usage of division operation in OracleSQL and provide specific code examples. 1. Two ways of division operations in OracleSQL In OracleSQL, division operations can be performed in two different ways.

Oracle and DB2 are two commonly used relational database management systems, each of which has its own unique SQL syntax and characteristics. This article will compare and differ between the SQL syntax of Oracle and DB2, and provide specific code examples. Database connection In Oracle, use the following statement to connect to the database: CONNECTusername/password@database. In DB2, the statement to connect to the database is as follows: CONNECTTOdataba

Windows operating system is one of the most popular operating systems in the world, and its new version Win11 has attracted much attention. In the Win11 system, obtaining administrator rights is an important operation. Administrator rights allow users to perform more operations and settings on the system. This article will introduce in detail how to obtain administrator permissions in Win11 system and how to effectively manage permissions. In the Win11 system, administrator rights are divided into two types: local administrator and domain administrator. A local administrator has full administrative rights to the local computer

Detailed explanation of division operation in OracleSQL In OracleSQL, division operation is a common and important mathematical operation, used to calculate the result of dividing two numbers. Division is often used in database queries, so understanding the division operation and its usage in OracleSQL is one of the essential skills for database developers. This article will discuss the relevant knowledge of division operations in OracleSQL in detail and provide specific code examples for readers' reference. 1. Division operation in OracleSQL

LinuxDeploy operating steps and precautions LinuxDeploy is a powerful tool that can help users quickly deploy various Linux distributions on Android devices, allowing users to experience a complete Linux system on their mobile devices. This article will introduce the operating steps and precautions of LinuxDeploy in detail, and provide specific code examples to help readers better use this tool. Operation steps: Install LinuxDeploy: First, install

Database technology competition: What are the differences between Oracle and SQL? In the database field, Oracle and SQL Server are two highly respected relational database management systems. Although they both belong to the category of relational databases, there are many differences between them. In this article, we will delve into the differences between Oracle and SQL Server, as well as their features and advantages in practical applications. First of all, there are differences in syntax between Oracle and SQL Server.

It is difficult to implement collection-like functions in the Go language, which is a problem that troubles many developers. Compared with other programming languages such as Python or Java, the Go language does not have built-in collection types, such as set, map, etc., which brings some challenges to developers when implementing collection functions. First, let's take a look at why it is difficult to implement collection-like functionality directly in the Go language. In the Go language, the most commonly used data structures are slice and map. They can complete collection-like functions, but
