oracle数据库sql的优化总结
自己对oracle sql的一些优化总结,自己也记录下来,也希望对大家有帮助: 一:使用where少使用having; 二:查两张以上表时,把记录少的放在右边; 三:减少对表的访问次数; 四:有where子查询时,子查询放在最前; 五:select语句中尽量避免使用*(执行时会把*
自己对oracle sql的一些优化总结,自己也记录下来,也希望对大家有帮助:
一:使用where少使用having;
二:查两张以上表时,把记录少的放在右边;
三:减少对表的访问次数;
四:有where子查询时,子查询放在最前;
五:select语句中尽量避免使用*(执行时会把*依次转换为列名);
六:尽量多的使用commit;
七:Decode可以避免重复扫描相同的记录或重复连接相同的表;
八:通过内部函数也可提高sql效率;
九:连接多个表时,使用别名并把别名前缀于每个字段上;
十:用exists代替in
十一:not exists代替 not in(not in 字句将执行一个内部的排序和合并,任何情况下,not in是最低效的,子查询中全表扫描了。为了避免使用not in,可以改写成outer joins或not exists);
十二:表连接比exists更高效;
十三:用exists替换distinct
例:
低: 高:
select distinct dept_no, dept_name select dept_no, dept_name
from dept d, emp e from dept d
where d.dept_no = e.dept_no; where exists (select 1 from emp e where e.dept_no = d.dept_no);
十四:使用TKPROF工具来查询sql性能状态;
十五:用索引提高效率(代价是:索引需要空间,而且定期重构索引很有必要:ALTER INDEX REBUILD
先介绍下索引的原理,方便接下来对索引的优化的理解:
通过索引找到rowid,然后通过rowid访问表。但如果查询的列包括在index中,将不在执行第二部操作,因为检索数据保存在索引中,单单访问索引就可以完全满足查询要求。
前提提要:在十六例中,LODGING列有唯一索引;MANAGER列上有非唯一性索引。
十六:索引范围查询(INDEX RANGE SACEN):
适用于两种情况:
1)基于一个范围的查询:
SELECT LODGING FROM LODGING WHERE LODGING LIKE 'M%'
(where字句条件包括一系列的值,oracle将通过索引范围查询方式查询LODGING_PK)
2) 基于非唯一性索引的检索:
SELECT LODGING FROM LODGING WHERE MANAGER = 'LI';
(此查询分两步:LODGING$MANAGER的索引范围查询得到所有符合条件记录的rowid,然后通过rowid访问表得到LODGING列的值。该索引为非唯一性索引,数据库不能对它执行索引唯一扫描)
where字句中,如果索引列所对应的值的第一个字符由通配符开始,索引将不被采用,而会全表扫描,如 SELECT..... WHERE MANAGER LIKE '%LI'
十七:基础表的选择:
基础表:最先访问的表(通常以全表扫描的方式被访问)。
根据优化器的不同,SQL语句中基础表的选择是不一样的:
如果使用CBO,,优化器会检查SQL语句中的每个表的物理大小,索引的状态,然后选用话费最低的路径。
如果使用RBO,并且所有的连接条件都有索引对应,这种情况下基础表就是FROM字句中列在最后的表
例:
SELECT A.NAME, B.MANAGER FROM WOKER A, LODGING B WHERE A.LODGING = B.LODGING;
由于LODGING列上有一个索引,而且WORKER表中没有相比较的索引,WORKER表将被作为查询基础表。
十八:多个平等的索引:
当SQL语句的执行路径可以使用分布在多个表上的多个索引时,oracle会同事使用多个索引并在运行时对它们的记录合并,检索仅对全部索引有效的记录。
oracle选择执行路径是,唯一索引等级高于非唯一索引,只有当where字句中索引列和常量比较才有效。如果索引列和其它表的索引列相比较,这种字句在优化器中等级非常低;
如果不同表中两个相同等级的索引将被引用,根据FROM字句中表的顺序决定哪个先被使用。FROM字句中最后的表索引优先级高。如果相同表中两个相同等级的索引将被引用,where字句中最先被引用的索引将有最高的优先级。
例:DEPTNO上有非唯一性索引,EMP_CAT也有非唯一性索引
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPT_NO = 20 AND EMP_CAT = 'A';
DEPTNO索引将被先检索,然后同EMP_CAT索引检索出的结果合并,执行路径如下:
TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ON EMP
AND _EQUAL
INDEX RANGE SCAN ON DEPT_IDX
INDEX RANGE SCAN ON CAT_IDX
十九:等式比较与范围比较:
先上例子:
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPT_NO > 20 AND EMP_CAT = 'A';
(在两个非唯一性索引前提下)此时范围索引不被使用,通过EMP_CAT索引查询出记录再与DEPT_NO条件进行比较
注意:唯一性所以做范围比较时,等级要比非唯一性索引的等式比较低;
二十:强制索引失效:

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