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如何查询中where和having的区别

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:20 PM
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如何查询中where和having的区别: having子句与where有相似之处但也有区别,都是设定条件的语句。 在查询过程中聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)要比having子句优先执行.而where子句在查询过程中执行优先级别优先于聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)。 简单说

  如何查询中where和having的区别:

  having子句与where有相似之处但也有区别,都是设定条件的语句。

  在查询过程中聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)要比having子句优先执行.而where子句在查询过程中执行优先级别优先于聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)。

  简单说来:

  where子句:

  select sum(num) as rmb from order where id>10

  //只有先查询出id大于10的记录才能进行聚合语句

  having子句:

  select reportsto as manager, count(*) as reports from employees

  group by reportsto having count(*) > 4

  以northwind库为例.having条件表达示为聚合语句。肯定的说having子句查询过程执行优先级别低于聚合语句。

  再换句说话说把上面的having换成where则会出错。统计分组数据时用到聚合语句。

  对分组数据再次判断时要用having。如果不用这些关系就不存在使用having。直接使用where就行了。

  having就是来弥补where在分组数据判断时的不足。因为where执行优先级别要快于聚合语句。

  聚合函数,这是必需先讲的一种特殊的函数:例如SUM, COUNT, MAX, AVG等。这些函数和其它函数的根本区别就是它们一般作用在多条记录上。

  SELECT SUM(population) FROM tablename

  这里的SUM作用在所有返回记录的population字段上,结果就是该查询只返回一个结果,即所有

  国家的总人口数。通过使用GROUP BY 子句,可以让SUM 和 COUNT 这些函数对属于一组的数据起作用。

  当你指定 GROUP BY region 时, 属于同一个region(地区)的一组数据将只能返回一行值.

  也就是说,,表中所有除region(地区)外的字段,只能通过 SUM, COUNT等聚合函数运算后返回一个值.

  HAVING子句可以让我们筛选成组后的各组数据

  HAVING子句在聚合后对组记录进行筛选

  而WHERE子句在聚合前先筛选记录.也就是说作用在GROUP BY 子句和HAVING子句前

  看下面这几个例子吧:

  一、显示每个地区的总人口数和总面积

  SELECT region, SUM(population), SUM(area)

  FROM bbc

  GROUP BY region

  先以region把返回记录分成多个组,这就是GROUP BY的字面含义。分完组后,然后用聚合函数对每组中的不同字段(一或多条记录)作运算。

  二、 显示每个地区的总人口数和总面积.仅显示那些面积超过1000000的地区。

  SELECT region, SUM(population), SUM(area)

  FROM bbc

  GROUP BY region

  HAVING SUM(area)>1000000

  在这里,我们不能用where来筛选超过1000000的地区,因为表中不存在这样一条记录。

  相反,HAVING子句可以让我们筛选成组后的各组数据.

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