Table of Contents
1.第一范式
2.第二范式
3.第三范式
Home Database Mysql Tutorial 通俗易懂的数据库设计三大范式

通俗易懂的数据库设计三大范式

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:24 PM
for Establish database paradigm design

为了建立冗余较

为了建立冗余较小、结构合理的数据库,设计数据库时必须遵循一定的规则。在关系型数据库中这种规则就称为范式。范式是符合某一种设计要求的总结。要想设计一个结构合理的关系型数据库,必须满足一定的范式。

在实际开发中最为常见的设计范式有三个:

1.第一范式

第一范式是最基本的范式。如果数据库表中的所有字段值都是不可分解的原子值,就说明该数据库表满足了第一范式。

第一范式的合理遵循需要根据系统的实际需求来定。比如某些数据库系统中需要用到“地址”这个属性,本来直接将“地址”属性设计成一个数据库表的字段就行。但是如果系统经常会访问“地址”属性中的“城市”部分,那么就非要将“地址”这个属性重新拆分为省份、城市、详细地址等多个部分进行存储,这样在对地址中某一部分操作的时候将非常方便。这样设计才算满足了数据库的第一范式,如下表所示。?

用户信息表

编号 姓名 性别 年龄 联系电话 省份 城市 详细地址
1 张红欣 26 0378-23459876 河南 开封 朝阳区新华路23号
2 李四平 32 0751-65432584 广州 广东 白云区天明路148号
3 刘志国 21 0371-87659852 河南 郑州 二七区大学路198号
4 郭小明 27 0371-62556789 河南 郑州 新郑市薛店北街218号

上表所示的用户信息遵循了第一范式的要求,这样在对用户使用城市进行分类的时候就非常方便,也提高了数据库的性能。

2.第二范式

第二范式在第一范式的基础之上更进一层。第二范式需要确保数据库表中的每一列都和主键相关,而不能只与主键的某一部分相关(主要针对联合主键而言)。也就是说在一个数据库表中,一个表中只能保存一种数据,不可以把多种数据保存在同一张数据库表中。

比如要设计一个订单信息表,因为订单中可能会有多种商品,所以要将订单编号和商品编号作为数据库表的联合主键,如下表所示。

订单信息表

订单编号 商品编号 商品名称 数量 单位 价格 客户 所属单位 联系方式
001 1 挖掘机 1 1200000¥ 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
001 2 冲击钻 8 230¥ 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
002 3 铲车 2 980000¥ 李四 北京公司 010-1234567

这样就产生一个问题:这个表中是以订单编号和商品编号作为联合主键。这样在该表中商品名称、单位、商品价格等信息不与该表的主键相关,而仅仅是与商品编号相关。所以在这里违反了第二范式的设计原则。

而如果把这个订单信息表进行拆分,把商品信息分离到另一个表中,把订单项目表也分离到另一个表中,就非常完美了。如下所示。

订单信息表

订单编号 客户 所属单位 联系方式
001 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
002 李四 北京公司 010-1234567

订单项目表

订单编号 商品编号 数量
001 1 1
001 2 8
002 3 2

商品信息表

商品编号 商品名称 单位 商品价格
1 挖掘机 1200000¥
2 冲击钻 230¥
3 铲车 980000¥

这样设计,在很大程度上减小了数据库的冗余。如果要获取订单的商品信息,使用商品编号到商品信息表中查询即可。

3.第三范式

第三范式需要确保数据表中的每一列数据都和主键直接相关,而不能间接相关。

比如在设计一个订单数据表的时候,可以将客户编号作为一个外键和订单表建立相应的关系。而不可以在订单表中添加关于客户其它信息(比如姓名、所属公司等)的字段。如下面这两个表所示的设计就是一个满足第三范式的数据库表。

订单信息表

订单编号 订单项目 负责人 业务员 订单数量 客户编号
001 挖掘机 刘明 李东明 1台 1
002 冲击钻 李刚 霍新峰 8个 2
003 铲车 郭新一 艾美丽 2辆 1

客户信息表

客户编号 客户名称 所属公司 联系方式
1 李聪 五一建设 13253661015
2 刘新明 个体经营 13285746958

这样在查询订单信息的时候,就可以使用客户编号来引用客户信息表中的记录,也不必在订单信息表中多次输入客户信息的内容,减小了数据冗余。

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