通俗易懂的数据库设计三大范式
为了建立冗余较
为了建立冗余较小、结构合理的数据库,设计数据库时必须遵循一定的规则。在关系型数据库中这种规则就称为范式。范式是符合某一种设计要求的总结。要想设计一个结构合理的关系型数据库,必须满足一定的范式。
在实际开发中最为常见的设计范式有三个:
1.第一范式
第一范式是最基本的范式。如果数据库表中的所有字段值都是不可分解的原子值,就说明该数据库表满足了第一范式。
第一范式的合理遵循需要根据系统的实际需求来定。比如某些数据库系统中需要用到“地址”这个属性,本来直接将“地址”属性设计成一个数据库表的字段就行。但是如果系统经常会访问“地址”属性中的“城市”部分,那么就非要将“地址”这个属性重新拆分为省份、城市、详细地址等多个部分进行存储,这样在对地址中某一部分操作的时候将非常方便。这样设计才算满足了数据库的第一范式,如下表所示。?
用户信息表
编号 | 姓名 | 性别 | 年龄 | 联系电话 | 省份 | 城市 | 详细地址 |
1 | 张红欣 | 男 | 26 | 0378-23459876 | 河南 | 开封 | 朝阳区新华路23号 |
2 | 李四平 | 女 | 32 | 0751-65432584 | 广州 | 广东 | 白云区天明路148号 |
3 | 刘志国 | 男 | 21 | 0371-87659852 | 河南 | 郑州 | 二七区大学路198号 |
4 | 郭小明 | 女 | 27 | 0371-62556789 | 河南 | 郑州 | 新郑市薛店北街218号 |
上表所示的用户信息遵循了第一范式的要求,这样在对用户使用城市进行分类的时候就非常方便,也提高了数据库的性能。
2.第二范式
第二范式在第一范式的基础之上更进一层。第二范式需要确保数据库表中的每一列都和主键相关,而不能只与主键的某一部分相关(主要针对联合主键而言)。也就是说在一个数据库表中,一个表中只能保存一种数据,不可以把多种数据保存在同一张数据库表中。
比如要设计一个订单信息表,因为订单中可能会有多种商品,所以要将订单编号和商品编号作为数据库表的联合主键,如下表所示。
订单信息表
订单编号 | 商品编号 | 商品名称 | 数量 | 单位 | 价格 | 客户 | 所属单位 | 联系方式 |
001 | 1 | 挖掘机 | 1 | 台 | 1200000¥ | 张三 | 上海玖智 | 020-1234567 |
001 | 2 | 冲击钻 | 8 | 把 | 230¥ | 张三 | 上海玖智 | 020-1234567 |
002 | 3 | 铲车 | 2 | 辆 | 980000¥ | 李四 | 北京公司 | 010-1234567 |
这样就产生一个问题:这个表中是以订单编号和商品编号作为联合主键。这样在该表中商品名称、单位、商品价格等信息不与该表的主键相关,而仅仅是与商品编号相关。所以在这里违反了第二范式的设计原则。
而如果把这个订单信息表进行拆分,把商品信息分离到另一个表中,把订单项目表也分离到另一个表中,就非常完美了。如下所示。
订单信息表
订单编号 | 客户 | 所属单位 | 联系方式 |
001 | 张三 | 上海玖智 | 020-1234567 |
002 | 李四 | 北京公司 | 010-1234567 |
订单项目表
订单编号 | 商品编号 | 数量 |
001 | 1 | 1 |
001 | 2 | 8 |
002 | 3 | 2 |
商品信息表
商品编号 | 商品名称 | 单位 | 商品价格 |
1 | 挖掘机 | 台 | 1200000¥ |
2 | 冲击钻 | 个 | 230¥ |
3 | 铲车 | 辆 | 980000¥ |
这样设计,在很大程度上减小了数据库的冗余。如果要获取订单的商品信息,使用商品编号到商品信息表中查询即可。
3.第三范式
第三范式需要确保数据表中的每一列数据都和主键直接相关,而不能间接相关。
比如在设计一个订单数据表的时候,可以将客户编号作为一个外键和订单表建立相应的关系。而不可以在订单表中添加关于客户其它信息(比如姓名、所属公司等)的字段。如下面这两个表所示的设计就是一个满足第三范式的数据库表。
订单信息表
订单编号 | 订单项目 | 负责人 | 业务员 | 订单数量 | 客户编号 |
001 | 挖掘机 | 刘明 | 李东明 | 1台 | 1 |
002 | 冲击钻 | 李刚 | 霍新峰 | 8个 | 2 |
003 | 铲车 | 郭新一 | 艾美丽 | 2辆 | 1 |
客户信息表
客户编号 | 客户名称 | 所属公司 | 联系方式 |
1 | 李聪 | 五一建设 | 13253661015 |
2 | 刘新明 | 个体经营 | 13285746958 |
这样在查询订单信息的时候,就可以使用客户编号来引用客户信息表中的记录,也不必在订单信息表中多次输入客户信息的内容,减小了数据冗余。

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