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简单分析Oracle的数据存储

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:43 PM
database

在数据库的存储结构中,我们知道一般来说一个表都存储在对应的数据文件里,数据文件可以分为多个段,一般来说一个表会对应一个数据

在数据库的存储结构中,我们知道一般来说一个表都存储在对应的数据文件里,数据文件可以分为多个段,一般来说一个表会对应一个数据段,单纯考虑数据段的时候,,数据段又可以分为多个区,每个区都可以分为若干个数据块,在操作系统层面,有对应的数据块和数据库层面的数据块有一个映射,可以打个比方来说,一栋大楼里面可以有很多的楼层,每个楼层可能都有不同的公司,这样来考虑,这栋大楼就类似数据文件,楼的每一层就类似一个数据段,每一层比方最多可以有4家公司,一家公司有40个人,有的公司大一点,占用两层,那么就是8个区,320个数据块,有的公司小一点,就占用一层里面的一块,那么这个公司就类似一个较小的数据段,占用1个区,包含40个数据块。

从存储层面来说,目前数据库中只能够查询到区这一级别的信息了。

在user_extents中只能够查看到最基本的区的信息,user_segment里面可以得到一个大体的信息
SQL> desc user_extents
  Name                                      Null?    Type
  ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 SEGMENT_NAME                                      VARCHAR2(81)
  PARTITION_NAME                                    VARCHAR2(30)
  SEGMENT_TYPE                                      VARCHAR2(18)
  TABLESPACE_NAME                                    VARCHAR2(30)
  EXTENT_ID                                          NUMBER
  BYTES                                              NUMBER
  BLOCKS                                            NUMBER

SQL> select extent_id,blocks from user_extents where segment_name='DATA';

 EXTENT_ID    BLOCKS
 ---------- ----------
          0          8
          1          8
          2          8
          3          8
          4          8
          5          8


 SQL> select extents,blocks from user_segments where segment_name='DATA';

  EXTENTS    BLOCKS
 ---------- ----------
          6        48       

如果想查看每个区中包含哪些数据块,就无能为力了。这个时候dba_extents可以作为一个补充。可以看到哪些区包含哪些数据块。
SQL> select block_id,extent_id,BLOCKS from dba_extents where owner='N1' and segment_name='DATA';

  BLOCK_ID  EXTENT_ID    BLOCKS
 ---------- ---------- ----------
      12800          0          8
      12808          5          8
      3600          4          8
      5224          3          8
      12672          2          8
      12672          1          8

当然了这个也不能让热满意,有时候想看看一些记录大概占有多大的空间,就可以使用rowid来辅助了。
 目前我们得到表data的数据类型如下:
DATA_LENGTH DATA_TYPE
 ----------- ------------------------------
          10 VARCHAR2
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
          22 NUMBER
 SQL> select sum(data_length) from user_tab_cols where table_name='DATA';

SUM(DATA_LENGTH)
 ----------------
              208

那么这些数据类型的数据占用的空间是否是按照最大字节208来存储的呢,换句话说就是表里存放着一条记录,可能长度只有number(2),但是是否会依旧占用22个字节来存储呢。
 我们随机抽取一个数据块来简单的测试一下。
 可以看到如下两条记录是从0开始计数的,都在12803这个数据块中。
select dbms_rowid.ROWID_OBJECT(rowid) object_id,
 dbms_rowid.ROWID_RELATIVE_FNO(rowid) file_no,
 dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) row_no,
 dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid) blk_number
 from data  where rownum      OBJECT_ID    FILE_NO    ROW_NO BLK_NUMBER
 ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      18993        11          0      12803
      18993        11          1      12803

我们来进一步查看12803这个数据块中含有哪些记录。不考虑数据块的其他存储参数。按照默认的值来看。
 里面含有约148条记录。

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