如何使用AWR报告来诊断数据库性能问题
一般来说，当检测到性能问题时，我们会收集覆盖了发生问题的时间段的AWR报告-但是最好只收集覆盖1个小时时间段的AWR报告-如果时
如何主动避免问题发生及做好诊断信息的收集
有些问题是无法预见的，但大部分其它的问题如果及早发现一些征兆其实是可以避免的。同时，如果问题确实发生了，那么收集问题发生时的信息就非常重要。有关于如何主动避免问题及诊断信息的收集.
对于数据库整体的性能问题，AWR的报告是一个非常有用的诊断工具。
一般来说，当检测到性能问题时，我们会收集覆盖了发生问题的时间段的AWR报告-但是最好只收集覆盖1个小时时间段的AWR报告-如果时间过长，那么AWR报告就不能很好的反映出问题所在。还应该收集一份没有性能问题的时间段的AWR报告，作为一个参照物来对比有问题的时间段的AWR报告。这两个AWR报告的时间段应该是一致的，比如都是半个小时的，或者都是一个小时的。
Oracle AWR报告生成与查看
在CentOS 6.4下安装Oracle 11gR2(x64)
Oracle 11gR2 在VMWare虚拟机中安装步骤
Debian 下 安装 Oracle 11g XE R2
Oracle AWR报告生成步骤
Interpretation
在处理性能问题时，我们最关注的是数据库正在等待什么。
当进程因为某些原因不能进行操作时，它需要等待。花费时间最多的等待事件是我们最需要关注的，因为降低它，我们能够获得最大的好处。
AWR报告中的"Top 5 Timed Events"部分就提供了这样的信息，可以让我们只关注主要的问题。
•
Top 5 Timed Events
正如前面提到的，"Top 5 Timed Events"是AWR报告中最重要的部分。它指出了数据库的sessions花费时间最多的等待事件，如下：
Top 5 Timed Events Avg %Total
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ wait Call
Event Waits Time (s) (ms) Time Wait Class
------------------------------ ------------ ----------- ------ ------ ----------
db file scattered read 10,152,564 81,327 8 29.6 User I/O
db file sequential read 10,327,231 75,878 7 27.6 User I/O
CPU time 56,207 20.5
read by other session 4,397,330 33,455 8 12.2 User I/O
PX Deq Credit: send blkd 31,398 26,576 846 9.7 Other
-------------------------------------------------------------
Top 5 Events部分包含了一些跟Events（事件）相关的信息。它记录了这期间遇到的等待的总次数，等待所花费的总时间，每次等待的平均时间；这一部分是按照每个Event占总体call time的百分比来进行排序的。
根 据Top 5 Events部分的信息的不同，接下来我们需要检查AWR报告的其他部分，来验证发现的问题或者做定量分析。等待事件需要根据报告期的持续时间和当时数据 库中的并发用户数进行评估。如：10分钟内1000万次的等待事件比10个小时内的1000万等待更有问题；10个用户引起的1000万次的等待事件比 10,000个用户引起的相同的等待要更有问题。
就像上面的例子，将近60%的时间是在等待IO相关的事件。
• 事件"db file scattered read"一般表明正在做由全表扫描或者index fast full scan引起的多块读。
• 事件"db file sequential read"一般是由不能做多块读的操作引起的单块读（如读索引）
其他20%的时间是花在使用或等待CPU time上。过高的CPU使用经常是性能不佳的SQL引起的（或者这些SQL有可能用更少的资源完成同样的操作）；对于这样的SQL，，过多的IO操作也是一个症状。关于CPU使用方面，我们会在之后讨论。
在以上基础上，我们将调查是否这个等待事件是有问题的。若有问题，解决它；若是正常的，检查下个等待事件。
过多的IO相关的等待一般会有两个主要的原因：
• 数据库做了太多的读操作
• 每次的IO读操作都很慢
Top 5 Events部分的显示的信息会帮助我们检查：
• 是否数据库做了大量的读操作：
上面的图显示了在这段时间里两类读操作都分别大于1000万，这些操作是否过多取决于报告的时间是1小时或1分钟。我们可以检查AWR报告的elapsed time如果这些读操作确实是太多了，接下来我们需要检查AWR报告中 SQL Statistics 部分的信息，因为读操作都是由SQL语句发起的。
• 是否是每次的IO读操作都很慢：
上面的图显示了在这段时间里两类读操作平均的等待时间是小于8ms的
至于8ms是快还是慢取决于底层的硬件设备；一般来讲小于20ms的都可以认为是可以接受的。
我们还可以在AWR报告"Tablespace IO Stats"部分得到更详细的信息
Tablespace IO Stats DB/Inst: VMWREP/VMWREP Snaps: 1-15
-> ordered by IOs (Reads + Writes) desc
Tablespace
------------------------------
Av Av Av Av Buffer Av Buf
Reads Reads/s Rd(ms) Blks/Rd Writes Writes/s Waits Wt(ms)
-------------- ------- ------ ------- ------------ -------- ---------- ------
TS_TX_DATA
14,246,367 283 7.6 4.6 145,263,880 2,883 3,844,161 8.3
USER
204,834 4 10.7 1.0 17,849,021 354 15,249 9.8
UNDOTS1
19,725 0 3.0 1.0 10,064,086 200 1,964 4.9
AE_TS
4,287,567 85 5.4 6.7 932 0 465,793 3.7
TEMP
2,022,883 40 0.0 5.8 878,049 17 0 0.0
UNDOTS3
1,310,493 26 4.6 1.0 941,675 19 43 0.0
TS_TX_IDX
1,884,478 37 7.3 1.0 23,695 0 73,703 8.3
>SYSAUX
346,094 7 5.6 3.9 112,744 2 0 0.0
SYSTEM
101,771 2 7.9 3.5 25,098 0 653 2.7
如上图，我们关心Av Rd(ms)的指标。如果它高于20ms并且同时有很多读操作的，我们可能要开始从OS的角度调查是否有潜在的IO问题。
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