Oracle中start with...connect by prior子句用法
Oracle中start with...connect by prior子句用法 ldquo;在生成树状结构的时候用的比较多rdquo; connect by 是结构化查询
Oracle中start with...connect by prior子句用法 “在生成树状结构的时候用的比较多”
connect by 是结构化查询中用到的,其基本语法是:
select ... from tablename start with 条件1
connect by 条件2
where 条件3;
例:
select * from table
start with org_id = 'HBHqfWGWPy'
connect by prior org_id = parent_id;
简单说来是将一个树状结构存储在一张表里,比如一个表中存在两个字段:
org_id,parent_id那么通过表示每一条记录的parent是谁,就可以形成一个树状结构。
用上述语法的查询可以取得这棵树的所有记录。
其中:
条件1 是根结点的限定语句,当然可以放宽限定条件,以取得多个根结点,实际就是多棵树。
条件2 是连接条件,其中用PRIOR表示上一条记录,比如 CONNECT BY PRIOR org_id = parent_id就是说上一条记录的org_id 是本条记录的parent_id,即本记录的父亲是上一条记录。
条件3 是过滤条件,用于对返回的所有记录进行过滤。
简单介绍如下:
早扫描树结构表时,需要依此访问树结构的每个节点,一个节点只能访问一次,,其访问的步骤如下:
第一步:从根节点开始;
第二步:访问该节点;
第三步:判断该节点有无未被访问的子节点,若有,则转向它最左侧的未被访问的子节,并执行第二步,否则执行第四步;
第四步:若该节点为根节点,则访问完毕,否则执行第五步;
第五步:返回到该节点的父节点,并执行第三步骤。
总之:扫描整个树结构的过程也即是中序遍历树的过程。
1. 树结构的描述
树结构的数据存放在表中,数据之间的层次关系即父子关系,通过表中的列与列间的关系来描述,如EMP表中的EMPNO和MGR。EMPNO表示该雇员的编号,MGR表示领导该雇员的人的编号,即子节点的MGR值等于父节点的EMPNO值。在表的每一行中都有一个表示父节点的MGR(除根节点外),通过每个节点的父节点,就可以确定整个树结构。
在Select命令中使用CONNECT BY 和蔼START WITH 子句可以查询表中的树型结构关系。其命令格式如下:
Select 。。。
CONNECT BY {PRIOR 列名1=列名2|列名1=PRIOR 裂名2}
[START WITH];
其中:CONNECT BY子句说明每行数据将是按层次顺序检索,并规定将表中的数据连入树型结构的关系中。PRIORY运算符必须放置在连接关系的两列中某一个的前面。对于节点间的父子关系,PRIOR运算符在一侧表示父节点,在另一侧表示子节点,从而确定查找树结构是的顺序是自顶向下还是自底向上。在连接关系中,除了可以使用列名外,还允许使用列表达式。START WITH 子句为可选项,用来标识哪个节点作为查找树型结构的根节点。若该子句被省略,则表示所有满足查询条件的行作为根节点。
START WITH: 不但可以指定一个根节点,还可以指定多个根节点。
2. 关于PRIOR
运算符PRIOR被放置于等号前后的位置,决定着查询时的检索顺序。
PRIOR被置于CONNECT BY子句中等号的前面时,则强制从根节点到叶节点的顺序检索,即由父节点向子节点方向通过树结构,我们称之为自顶向下的方式。如:
CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO=MGR
PIROR运算符被置于CONNECT BY 子句中等号的后面时,则强制从叶节点到根节点的顺序检索,即由子节点向父节点方向通过树结构,我们称之为自底向上的方式。例如:
CONNECT BY EMPNO=PRIOR MGR
在这种方式中也应指定一个开始的节点。
3. 定义查找起始节点
在自顶向下查询树结构时,不但可以从根节点开始,还可以定义任何节点为起始节点,以此开始向下查找。这样查找的结果就是以该节点为开始的结构树的一枝。
4.使用LEVEL
在具有树结构的表中,每一行数据都是树结构中的一个节点,由于节点所处的层次位置不同,所以每行记录都可以有一个层号。层号根据节点与根节点的距离确定。不论从哪个节点开始,该起始根节点的层号始终为1,根节点的子节点为2, 依此类推。图1.2就表示了树结构的层次。
5.节点和分支的裁剪
在对树结构进行查询时,可以去掉表中的某些行,也可以剪掉树中的一个分支,使用Where子句来限定树型结构中的单个节点,以去掉树中的单个节点,但它却不影响其后代节点(自顶向下检索时)或前辈节点(自底向顶检索时)。
6.排序显示
象在其它查询中一样,在树结构查询中也可以使用ORDER BY 子句,改变查询结果的显示顺序,而不必按照遍历树结构的顺序。

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