Oracle 索引 避免全表扫描
下面就某些SQL语句的where子句编写中需要注意的问题作详细介绍。在这些where子句中,即使某些列存在索引,但是由于编写了劣质的S
提高Oracle性能--如何走索引
一、问题的提出
在应用系统开发初期,由于开发数据库数据比较少,对于查询SQL语句,复杂视图的的编写等体会不出SQL语句各种写法的性能优劣,但是如果将应用系统提交实际应用后,,随着数据库中数据的增加,系统的响应速度就成为目前系统需要解决的最主要的问题之一。系统优化中一个很重要的方面就是SQL语句的优化。对于海量数据,劣质SQL语句和优质SQL语句之间的速度差别可以达到上百倍,可见对于一个系统不是简单地能实现其功能就可,而是要写出高质量的SQL语句,提高系统的可用性。
在多数情况下,Oracle使用索引来更快地遍历表,优化器主要根据定义的索引来提高性能。但是,如果在SQL语句的where子句中写的SQL代码不合理,就会造成优化器删去索引而使用全表扫描,一般就这种SQL语句就是所谓的劣质SQL语句。在编写SQL语句时我们应清楚优化器根据何种原则来删除索引,这有助于写出高性能的SQL语句。
二、SQL语句编写注意问题
下面就某些SQL语句的where子句编写中需要注意的问题作详细介绍。在这些where子句中,即使某些列存在索引,但是由于编写了劣质的SQL,系统在运行该SQL语句时也不能使用该索引,而同样使用全表扫描,这就造成了响应速度的极大降低。
1. IS NULL 与 IS NOT NULL
不能用null作索引,任何包含null值的列都将不会被包含在索引中。即使索引有多列这样的情况下,只要这些列中有一列含有null,该列就会从索引中排除。也就是说如果某列存在空值,即使对该列建索引也不会提高性能。
任何在where子句中使用is null或is not null的语句优化器是不允许使用索引的。
2. 联接列
对于有联接的列,即使最后的联接值为一个静态值,优化器是不会使用索引的。我们一起来看一个例子,假定有一个职工表(employee),对于一个职工的姓和名分成两列存放(FIRST_NAME和LAST_NAME),现在要查询一个叫比尔.克林顿(Bill Cliton)的职工。
下面是一个采用联接查询的SQL语句,
select * from employss
where
first_name||'||last_name ='Beill Cliton'
上面这条语句完全可以查询出是否有Bill Cliton这个员工,但是这里需要注意,系统优化器对基于last_name创建的索引没有使用。
当采用下面这种SQL语句的编写,Oracle系统就可以采用基于last_name创建的索引。
Select * from employee
where
first_name ='Beill' and last_name ='Cliton'
遇到下面这种情况又如何处理呢?如果一个变量(name)中存放着Bill Cliton这个员工的姓名,对于这种情况我们又如何避免全程遍历,使用索引呢?可以使用一个函数,将变量name中的姓和名分开就可以了,但是有一点需要注意,这个函数是不能作用在索引列上。下面是SQL查询脚本:
select * from employee
where
first_name = SUBSTR('&&name',1,INSTR('&&name',' ')-1)
and
last_name = SUBSTR('&&name',INSTR('&&name’,' ')+1)

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