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Oracle中null的使用详解

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:11 PM
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最好不查找NULL,或is not null ,is null,更不能比较null值问:什么是NULL?答:在我们不知道具体有什么数据的时候,也即未知,

最好不查找NULL,或is not null ,is null,更不能比较null值

问:什么是NULL?
答:在我们不知道具体有什么数据的时候,也即未知,可以用NULL,我们称它为空,Oracle中,含有空值的表列长度为零。
ORACLE允许任何一种数据类型的字段为空,除了以下两种情况:
1、主键字段(primary key),
2、定义时已经加了NOT NULL限制条件的字段

说明:
1、等价于没有任何值、是未知数。
2、NULL与0、空字符串、空格都不同。
3、对空值做加、减、乘、除等运算操作,结果仍为空。
4、NULL的处理使用NVL函数。
5、比较时使用关键字用“is null”和“is not null”。
6、空值不能被索引,所以查询时有些符合条件的数据可能查不出来,
    count(*)中,用nvl(列名,0)处理后再查。
7、排序时比其他数据都大(索引默认是降序排列,,小→大),
    所以NULL值总是排在最后。

使用方法:
SQL> select 1 from dual where null=null;
没有查到记录
SQL> select 1 from dual where null='';
没有查到记录
SQL> select 1 from dual where ''='';
没有查到记录
SQL> select 1 from dual where null is null;
         1
---------
         1
SQL> select 1 from dual where nvl(null,0)=nvl(null,0);
         1
---------
         1
对空值做加、减、乘、除等运算操作,结果仍为空。
SQL> select 1+null from dual;
SQL> select 1-null from dual;
SQL> select 1*null from dual;
SQL> select 1/null from dual;
查询到一个记录.
注:这个记录就是SQL语句中的那个null
设置某些列为空值
update table1 set 列1=NULL where 列1 is not null;
现有一个商品销售表sale,表结构为:
month  char(6)  --月份
sellnumber(10,2) --月销售金额
create table sale (month char(6),sell number);
insert into sale values('200001',1000);
insert into sale values('200002',1100);
insert into sale values('200003',1200);
insert into sale values('200004',1300);
insert into sale values('200005',1400);
insert into sale values('200006',1500);
insert into sale values('200007',1600);
insert into sale values('200101',1100);
insert into sale values('200202',1200);
insert into sale values('200301',1300);
insert into sale values('200008',1000);
insert into sale(month) values('200009');
          (注意:这条记录的sell值为空)
commit;
共输入12条记录
SQL> select * from sale where sell like '%';
MONTH        SELL
------ ---------
200001       1000
200002       1100
200003       1200
200004       1300
200005       1400
200006       1500
200007       1600
200101       1100
200202       1200
200301       1300
200008       1000
       
查询到11记录.
       
结果说明:
查询结果说明此SQL语句查询不出列值为NULL的字段
此时需对字段为NULL的情况另外处理。
SQL> select * from sale where sell like '%' or sell is null;
SQL> select * from sale where nvl(sell,0) like '%';
       
MONTH        SELL
------ ---------
200001       1000
200002       1100
200003       1200
200004       1300
200005       1400
200006       1500
200007       1600
200101       1100
200202       1200
200301       1300
200008       1000
200009
       
查询到12记录.
       
Oracle的空值就是这么的用法,我们最好熟悉它的约定,以防查出的结果不正确。

其他意见:

在 MS SQL Server 中,是存在的。
即WHERE field_1 IS NULL 和 filed_1 = '' 返回 2 种结果
'' 和 NULL 是2个东西。

在 Oracle 8.1.6   和 9.2 中,你存入 '' 后,数据库会自动存储为 NULL
此时只能使用 WHERE field_1 IS NULL
感觉好像 ORACLE 中没有 '' 或者说 '' 和 NULL 是一个东西。

可以这么理解:

如果需要区分数据类型的话,
空字符串''一定是NULL
空数字也是NULL
其他空数据类型也是NULL

如果不区分数据类型的话,
空字符串''就是NULL,NULL就是空字符串''

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