PHP中的流(streams)浅析_php实例
概述
流(streams)是PHP4.3版本引入的一个特性,主要是为了统一文件、sockets以及其他类似资源的工作方法。PHP4.3距今已经有很长时间了,但是很多程序员似乎都不能正确使用PHP中的流,当然这也包括我。以前也在一些程序中遇到过流的使用,如php://input,但是一直没机会整理,今天就把这部分知识整理下。
流是由PHP提供的资源,可以供我们透明的使用,而且流是一个非常强大的工具。适当的在程序中使用流,可以将我们的程序带到一个新的高度。
PHP手册中对流的描述如下:
Streams were introduced with PHP 4.3.0 as a way of generalizing file, network, data compression, and other operations which share a common set of functions and uses. In its simplest definition, a stream is a resource object which exhibits streamable behavior. That is, it can be read from or written to in a linear fashion, and may be able to fseek() to an arbitrary locations within the stream.
每一种流都实现了一个包装器(wrapper),包装器包含一些额外的代码用来处理特殊的协议和编码。PHP提供了一些内置的包装器,我们也可以很轻松的创建和注册自定义的包装器。我们甚至可以使用上下文(contexts)和过滤器来改变和增强包装器。
流基础知识
PHP中流的形式如:
默认的包装器是file://,也就是说每次我们访问文件系统的时候都使用了流。例如,我们可以使用如下两种方式来读取文件:readfile('/path/to/somefile.txt')和readfile('file:///path/to/somefile.txt'),使用这两种方式读取文件,可以得到相同的结果。
正如前面所说,PHP提供了一些内置的包装器、协议和过滤器。查看我们的机器上安装了哪些包装器,可以使用如下几个函数:
var_dump(stream_get_transports());
var_dump(stream_get_wrappers());
var_dump(stream_get_filters());
?>
我本地的环境输出内容如下:
array (size=8)
0 => string 'tcp' (length=3)
1 => string 'udp' (length=3)
2 => string 'unix' (length=4)
3 => string 'udg' (length=3)
4 => string 'ssl' (length=3)
5 => string 'sslv3' (length=5)
6 => string 'sslv2' (length=5)
7 => string 'tls' (length=3)
array (size=12)
0 => string 'https' (length=5)
1 => string 'ftps' (length=4)
2 => string 'compress.zlib' (length=13)
3 => string 'compress.bzip2' (length=14)
4 => string 'php' (length=3)
5 => string 'file' (length=4)
6 => string 'glob' (length=4)
7 => string 'data' (length=4)
8 => string 'http' (length=4)
9 => string 'ftp' (length=3)
10 => string 'phar' (length=4)
11 => string 'zip' (length=3)
array (size=12)
0 => string 'zlib.*' (length=6)
1 => string 'bzip2.*' (length=7)
2 => string 'convert.iconv.*' (length=15)
3 => string 'string.rot13' (length=12)
4 => string 'string.toupper' (length=14)
5 => string 'string.tolower' (length=14)
6 => string 'string.strip_tags' (length=17)
7 => string 'convert.*' (length=9)
8 => string 'consumed' (length=8)
9 => string 'dechunk' (length=7)
10 => string 'mcrypt.*' (length=8)
11 => string 'mdecrypt.*' (length=10)
另外,我们可以自定义或者使用第三方的流。
php://包装器
PHP有它自己的访问输入/输出(I/O)流的包装器。PHP有基本的php://stdin,php://stdout,php://stderr包装器对应默认的I/O资源。还有一个php://input流,它是一个只读的流,流内容是post请求的数据。当我们将数据放在一个post请求的body体内用来请求一个远程服务的时候,这个流特别好用。
因为php://input是最常用到的流,所以这里列出一些知识点:
1.php://input可以读取没有处理过的POST数据。相较于$HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA而言,它给内存带来的压力较小,并且不需要特殊的php.ini设置。php://input不能用于enctype=multipart/form-data
2.仅当Content-Type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded且提交方法是POST方法时,$_POST数据与php://input数据才是”一致”(打上引号,表示它们格式不一致,内容一致)的。其它情况,它们都不一致
3.php://input读取不到GET数据。是因为_GET数据作为query_path写在http请求头部(header)的PATH字段,而不是写在http请求的body部分。
流上下文(Stream Contexts)
这部分内容在编程中几乎没有遇到过,本人研究起来也比较吃力,大家感兴趣的话可以自行百度。
总结
流在平时的编程中用到的并不是很多,在使用xml-rpc的时候,server端获取client数据,主要是通过php输入流input,这是一种常用的场景。黑客在入侵网站的时候,也可能会用到这部分内容。

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