Home Database Mysql Tutorial Oracle的行列转换

Oracle的行列转换

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:19 PM
database

首先准备如下表格 tony@ORA11GR2gt; select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp 2 order by deptno,job; EM

首先准备如下表格

现在查询各部门各工种的总薪水,

但是这样不直观,如果能够把每个工种作为1列显示就会更一目了然.
这就是需要行转列。
在11g之前,需要一点技巧,利用decode函数才能完成这个目标。

得到结果:

如果要在变回前面的结果,需要用到笛卡尔乘积,一行变五行,然后利用decode。例如:

得到结果:

11g之后,Oracle增加了pivot和unpivot语句,可以很方便的完成这个转换。
pivot
先来看看pivot的语法是 来看个例子:

得到结果:

实际上,oracle对pivot子句中出现的列以外的列做了一个隐式的group by.
现在,如果想要再结果中增加1列,显示部门的薪水总合,,可以这么做,

2点说明,
1)oracle对pivot子句中出现的列以外的列,也就是deptno和SAL_TOTAL做了隐式的group by.
      这里用了分析函数,对于每个deptno,SAL_TOTAL是唯一的,所以group by的结果还是3行。
2)oracle会拼接列名 = for字句中别名+聚合函数别名,比如'PRESIDENT'+'_'+'SAL_TOTAL'。

可以指定多个聚合函数,例如统计薪水总合和人数总合:

for子句可以指定多列,
为此,先给emp表追加1列rank,取值为'A','B',

现在,想统计SALESMAN和CLERK的员工中,rank A和rank B各自的人数。

unpivot
现在来看看unpivot的用法,
unpivot的语法: 例如,有下面的的表格,

用unpivot语句来做列到行的转换,

如果加上include nulls子句

可以指定多个pivot-column,例如对于下面的表格

转换为行以后,有2列数据分别显示薪水总合和人数总和。也就是需要对2列同时进行转换。

关于ANY子句

pivot的一个不便之处是需要在IN子句中指定所有取值,能不能自动完成呢?
比如for job in (select distinct(job) from emp),可惜oracle不支持这么做。
不过oracle支持通过这种方式返回XML格式数据,例如,

*可以把上面的ANY换成select distinct(job) from emp

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